ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ochoa TJ , Chea-Woo E , Baiocchi N , Pecho I , Campos M , Prada A , Valdiviezo G , Lluque A , Lai D , Cleary TG , 2013. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of bovine lactoferrin for prevention of diarrhea in children. J Pediatr 162: 349–356.
-
2.
Palma N , Pons MJ , Gomes C , Mateu J , Riveros M , García W , Garcia C , Jacobs J , Ochoa TJ , Ruiz J , 2017. Resistance to quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides in Escherichia coli causing bacteraemia in Peruvian children. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 11: 28–33.
-
3.
Riveros M , García W , García C , Durand D , Mercado E , Ruiz J , Ochoa TJ , 2017. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from bacteremic children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1329–1336.
-
4.
Shane AL et al., 2017. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 65: 1963–1973.
-
5.
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators , 2018. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 1736–1788.
-
6.
Fleischmann-Struzek C , Goldfarb DM , Schlattmann P , Schlapbach LJ , Reinhart K , Kissoon N , 2018. The global burden of paediatric and neonatal sepsis: a systematic review. Lancet Respir Med 6: 223–230.
-
7.
Chu SM , Hsu JF , Lai MY , Huang HR , Chiang MC , Fu RH , Tsai MH , 2020. Risk factors of initial inappropriate antibiotic therapy and the impacts on outcomes of neonates with Gram-negative bacteremia. Antibiotics (Basel) 9: 203.
-
8.
Pons MJ , Ruiz J , 2019. Current trends in epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units. J Emerg Crit Care Med 3: 5.
-
9.
Li XZ , Plésiat P , Nikaido H , 2015. The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 28: 337–418.
-
10.
Ruiz J , 2003. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA Gyrase protection. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 1109–1117.
-
11.
Gomes C , Martinez-Puchol S , Palma N , Horna G , Ruiz-Roldan L , Pons MJ , Ruiz J , 2017. Macrolide resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae: focus in azithromycin. Crit Rev Microbiol 43: 1–30.
-
12.
Ruiz J , 2019. Transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance from 1998 onward. Clin Microbiol Rev 32: e00007–e00019.
-
13.
Ruiz E , Sáenz Y , Zarazaga M , Rocha-Gracia R , Martínez-Martínez L , Arlet G , Torres C , 2012. qnr, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: genetic environments and plasmid and chromosomal location. J Antimicrob Chemother 67: 886–897.
-
14.
Hall RM , Collis CM , 1995. Mobile gene cassettes and integrons: capture and spread of genes by site-specific recombination. Mol Microbiol 15: 593–600.
-
15.
Li Y , Yang L , Fu J , Yan M , Chen D , Zhang L , 2018. Genotyping and high flux sequencing of the bacterial pathogenic elements—integrons. Microb Pathog 116: 22–25.
-
16.
Kang H , Wang L , Li Y , Lu Y , Fan W , Bi R , Qian H , Gu B , 2019. Dissemination of multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei with class 1, class 2, and atypical class 1 integrons in China. Microb Drug Resist 25: 1465–1474.
-
17.
da Fonseca EL , Vicente ACP , 2012. Functional characterization of a Cassette-specific promoter in the class 1 integron-associated qnrVC1 gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 3392–3394.
-
18.
García C et al., 2012. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 520–521.
-
19.
Bartoloni A et al., 2006. Multidrug-resistant commensal Escherichia coli in children, Peru and Bolivia. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 907–913.
-
20.
Mosquito S , Ruiz J , Pons MJ , Durand D , Barletta F , Ochoa TJ , 2012. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 40: 544–548.
-
21.
Ruiz J , Pons MJ , Mosquito S , Ochoa TJ , Sáenz Y , 2021. Caracterización de Escherichia coli D7111 Productora de TEM-176. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 38: 130–135.
-
22.
Palma N et al., 2016. Virulence factors profiles and ESBL production in Escherichia coli causing bacteremia in Peruvian children. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 86: 70–75.
-
23.
Guion CE , Ochoa TJ , Walker CM , Barletta F , Cleary TG , 2008. Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by use of melting-curve analysis and real-time multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1752–1757.
-
24.
White PA , McIver CJ , Rawlinson WD , 2001. Integrons and gene cassettes in the Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 2658–2661.
-
25.
Levesque C , Roy PH , Persing HD , Smith TF , Tenover FC & White TJ Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 590–594.
-
26.
Medina AM et al., 2015. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from two paediatric cohort studies in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109: 493–502.
-
27.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute , 2015. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Document M100-S25. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
-
28.
Lluque A , Mosquito S , Gomes C , Riveros M , Durand D , Tilley DH , Bernal M , Prada A , Ochoa TJ , Ruiz J , 2015. Virulence factors and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella strains from periurban areas of Lima (Peru). Int J Med Microbiol 305: 480–490.
-
29.
Pérez-Moreno MO , Estepa V , Sáenz Y , Cortell-Ortolá M , Fort-Gallifa I , Ruiz J , Torres C , 2012. Intrahospitalary dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying blaDHA-1 and qnrB4 genes within a novel complex class 1 integron. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73: 210–211.
-
30.
Pérez-Moreno MO , Picó-Plana E , de Toro M , Grande-Armas J , Quiles-Fortuny V , Pons MJ , Gomes C , Sáenz Y , Torres C , Ruiz J , 2013. β-Lactamases, transferable quinolone resistance determinants, and class 1 integron-mediated antimicrobial resistance in human clinical Salmonella enterica isolates of non-Typhimurium serotypes. Int J Med Microbiol 303: 25–31.
-
31.
Sáenz Y , Vinué L , Ruiz E , Somalo S , Martínez S , Rojo-Bezares B , Zarazaga M , Torres C , 2010. Class 1 integrons lacking qacEΔ1 and sul1 genes in Escherichia coli isolates of food, animal and human origins. Vet Microbiol 144: 493–497.
-
32.
Hernández-Gómez C et al., 2019. Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en Perú: un acuerdo sobre lo fundamental. Rev Chilena Infectol 36: 565–575.
-
33.
Deng Y , Bao X , Ji L , Chen L , Liu J , Miao J , Chen D , Bian H , Li Y , Yu G , 2015. Resistance integrons: class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 14: 45.
-
34.
Dessie HK , Bae DH , Lee YJ , 2013. Characterization of integrons and their cassettes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from poultry in Korea. Poult Sci 92: 3036–3043.
-
35.
Navia MM , Ruiz J , Vila J , 2004. Molecular characterization of the integrons in Shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler’s diarrhea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 48: 175–179.
-
36.
Ramírez MS , Piñeiro S , Centrón D , 2010. Novel insights about class 2 integrons from experimental and genomic epidemiology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 699–706.
-
37.
Tosini F , Visca P , Luzzi I , Dionisi AM , Pezzella C , Petrucca A , Carattoli A , 1998. Class 1 integron-borne multiple-antibiotic resistance carried by IncFI and IncL/M plasmids in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42: 3053–3058.
-
38.
Woodford N , Carattoli A , Karisik E , Underwood A , Ellington MJ , Livermore DM , 2009. Complete nucleotide sequences of plasmids pEK204, pEK499, and pEK516, encoding CTX-M enzymes in three major Escherichia coli lineages from the United Kingdom, all belonging to the international O25:H4-ST131 clone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 4472–4482.
-
39.
Xia W , Xu T , Qin T , Li P , Liu Y , Kang H , Gu B , Ma P , 2016. Characterization of integrons and novel cassette arrays in bacteria from clinical isolates in China, 2000–2014. J Biomed Res 30: 292–303.
-
40.
Domingues S , da Silva GJ , Nielsen KM , 2015. Global dissemination patterns of common gene cassette arrays in class 1 integrons. Microbiology 161: 1313–1337.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1715 | 903 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 291 | 43 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 124 | 32 | 16 |
Class 1 and 2 Integrons in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Diarrhea and Bacteremia in Children Less Than 2 Years of Age from Peru
Maribel Riveros
Maribel Riveros
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Maria J. Pons
Maria J. Pons
Grupo de Investigación en Dinámicas y Epidemiología de la Resistencia a Antimicrobianos - “One Health,” Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru;
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David Durand
David Durand
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Theresa J. Ochoa
Theresa J. Ochoa
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
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Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
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Joaquim Ruiz
Joaquim Ruiz
Grupo de Investigación en Dinámicas y Epidemiología de la Resistencia a Antimicrobianos - “One Health,” Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru;
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ABSTRACT.
Class 1 and Class 2 integrons are mobilizable elements able to carry a variety of antibiotic resistance determinants. In the present study, Class 1 and 2 integrons present in 355 pathogenic Escherichia coli (285 diarrheagenic, of these 129 were enteropathogenic, 90 enteroaggregative, 66 enterotoxigenic, and 70 bacteremic) isolated from healthy and ill children under age 5 from periurban areas of Lima, Peru, were characterized. The presence of integrase 1 and 2 was established by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and variable regions were grouped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and subsequent sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was established by disk diffusion. Ninety-seven isolates (27.3%) presented integrase 1, and 16 (4.5%) presented integrase 2 (P < 0.0001); in addition, seven (2.0%) isolates, six diarrheagenic and one bacteremic, presented both integrase genes. The presence of integrase 1 was more frequent among bacteremic isolates (P = 0.0004). Variable regions were amplified in 76/120 (63.3%) isolates with up to 14 gene arrangements. The most prevalent gene cassettes were those encoding dihydrofolate reductases as well as aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Of note, Class 1 integrons tended to be associated with the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). A variety of Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in diarrheagenic and bacteremic E. coli, demonstrating the heterogeneity of variable regions circulating in the area. The association of integrons with ESBLs is worrisome and has an impact on the development of multidrug resistance.
Author Notes
Financial support: J. R. was supported by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica (FONDECYT—Perú) within the “Proyecto de Mejoramiento y Ampliación de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica” (contract: 08-2019-FONDECYT-BM-INC-INV”) and the Universidad Científica del Sur.
Authors’ addresses: Maribel Riveros, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru, and Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mail: maribel.riveros@upch.pe. Maria J. Pons and Joaquim Ruiz, Grupo de Investigación en Dinámicas y Epidemiología de la Resistencia a Antimicrobianos - “One Health,” Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru, E-mails: ma.pons.cas@gmail.com and joruiz.trabajo@gmail.com. David Durand, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mail: david.durand@upch.pe. Theresa J. Ochoa, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Laboratorio de Infectología Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, E-mail: theresa.ochoa@upch.pe.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ochoa TJ , Chea-Woo E , Baiocchi N , Pecho I , Campos M , Prada A , Valdiviezo G , Lluque A , Lai D , Cleary TG , 2013. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of bovine lactoferrin for prevention of diarrhea in children. J Pediatr 162: 349–356.
-
2.
Palma N , Pons MJ , Gomes C , Mateu J , Riveros M , García W , Garcia C , Jacobs J , Ochoa TJ , Ruiz J , 2017. Resistance to quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides in Escherichia coli causing bacteraemia in Peruvian children. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 11: 28–33.
-
3.
Riveros M , García W , García C , Durand D , Mercado E , Ruiz J , Ochoa TJ , 2017. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from bacteremic children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1329–1336.
-
4.
Shane AL et al., 2017. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 65: 1963–1973.
-
5.
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators , 2018. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 1736–1788.
-
6.
Fleischmann-Struzek C , Goldfarb DM , Schlattmann P , Schlapbach LJ , Reinhart K , Kissoon N , 2018. The global burden of paediatric and neonatal sepsis: a systematic review. Lancet Respir Med 6: 223–230.
-
7.
Chu SM , Hsu JF , Lai MY , Huang HR , Chiang MC , Fu RH , Tsai MH , 2020. Risk factors of initial inappropriate antibiotic therapy and the impacts on outcomes of neonates with Gram-negative bacteremia. Antibiotics (Basel) 9: 203.
-
8.
Pons MJ , Ruiz J , 2019. Current trends in epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units. J Emerg Crit Care Med 3: 5.
-
9.
Li XZ , Plésiat P , Nikaido H , 2015. The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 28: 337–418.
-
10.
Ruiz J , 2003. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA Gyrase protection. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 1109–1117.
-
11.
Gomes C , Martinez-Puchol S , Palma N , Horna G , Ruiz-Roldan L , Pons MJ , Ruiz J , 2017. Macrolide resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae: focus in azithromycin. Crit Rev Microbiol 43: 1–30.
-
12.
Ruiz J , 2019. Transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance from 1998 onward. Clin Microbiol Rev 32: e00007–e00019.
-
13.
Ruiz E , Sáenz Y , Zarazaga M , Rocha-Gracia R , Martínez-Martínez L , Arlet G , Torres C , 2012. qnr, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: genetic environments and plasmid and chromosomal location. J Antimicrob Chemother 67: 886–897.
-
14.
Hall RM , Collis CM , 1995. Mobile gene cassettes and integrons: capture and spread of genes by site-specific recombination. Mol Microbiol 15: 593–600.
-
15.
Li Y , Yang L , Fu J , Yan M , Chen D , Zhang L , 2018. Genotyping and high flux sequencing of the bacterial pathogenic elements—integrons. Microb Pathog 116: 22–25.
-
16.
Kang H , Wang L , Li Y , Lu Y , Fan W , Bi R , Qian H , Gu B , 2019. Dissemination of multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei with class 1, class 2, and atypical class 1 integrons in China. Microb Drug Resist 25: 1465–1474.
-
17.
da Fonseca EL , Vicente ACP , 2012. Functional characterization of a Cassette-specific promoter in the class 1 integron-associated qnrVC1 gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 3392–3394.
-
18.
García C et al., 2012. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 520–521.
-
19.
Bartoloni A et al., 2006. Multidrug-resistant commensal Escherichia coli in children, Peru and Bolivia. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 907–913.
-
20.
Mosquito S , Ruiz J , Pons MJ , Durand D , Barletta F , Ochoa TJ , 2012. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 40: 544–548.
-
21.
Ruiz J , Pons MJ , Mosquito S , Ochoa TJ , Sáenz Y , 2021. Caracterización de Escherichia coli D7111 Productora de TEM-176. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 38: 130–135.
-
22.
Palma N et al., 2016. Virulence factors profiles and ESBL production in Escherichia coli causing bacteremia in Peruvian children. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 86: 70–75.
-
23.
Guion CE , Ochoa TJ , Walker CM , Barletta F , Cleary TG , 2008. Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by use of melting-curve analysis and real-time multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1752–1757.
-
24.
White PA , McIver CJ , Rawlinson WD , 2001. Integrons and gene cassettes in the Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 2658–2661.
-
25.
Levesque C , Roy PH , Persing HD , Smith TF , Tenover FC & White TJ Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 590–594.
-
26.
Medina AM et al., 2015. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from two paediatric cohort studies in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109: 493–502.
-
27.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute , 2015. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Document M100-S25. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
-
28.
Lluque A , Mosquito S , Gomes C , Riveros M , Durand D , Tilley DH , Bernal M , Prada A , Ochoa TJ , Ruiz J , 2015. Virulence factors and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella strains from periurban areas of Lima (Peru). Int J Med Microbiol 305: 480–490.
-
29.
Pérez-Moreno MO , Estepa V , Sáenz Y , Cortell-Ortolá M , Fort-Gallifa I , Ruiz J , Torres C , 2012. Intrahospitalary dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying blaDHA-1 and qnrB4 genes within a novel complex class 1 integron. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73: 210–211.
-
30.
Pérez-Moreno MO , Picó-Plana E , de Toro M , Grande-Armas J , Quiles-Fortuny V , Pons MJ , Gomes C , Sáenz Y , Torres C , Ruiz J , 2013. β-Lactamases, transferable quinolone resistance determinants, and class 1 integron-mediated antimicrobial resistance in human clinical Salmonella enterica isolates of non-Typhimurium serotypes. Int J Med Microbiol 303: 25–31.
-
31.
Sáenz Y , Vinué L , Ruiz E , Somalo S , Martínez S , Rojo-Bezares B , Zarazaga M , Torres C , 2010. Class 1 integrons lacking qacEΔ1 and sul1 genes in Escherichia coli isolates of food, animal and human origins. Vet Microbiol 144: 493–497.
-
32.
Hernández-Gómez C et al., 2019. Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en Perú: un acuerdo sobre lo fundamental. Rev Chilena Infectol 36: 565–575.
-
33.
Deng Y , Bao X , Ji L , Chen L , Liu J , Miao J , Chen D , Bian H , Li Y , Yu G , 2015. Resistance integrons: class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 14: 45.
-
34.
Dessie HK , Bae DH , Lee YJ , 2013. Characterization of integrons and their cassettes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from poultry in Korea. Poult Sci 92: 3036–3043.
-
35.
Navia MM , Ruiz J , Vila J , 2004. Molecular characterization of the integrons in Shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler’s diarrhea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 48: 175–179.
-
36.
Ramírez MS , Piñeiro S , Centrón D , 2010. Novel insights about class 2 integrons from experimental and genomic epidemiology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 699–706.
-
37.
Tosini F , Visca P , Luzzi I , Dionisi AM , Pezzella C , Petrucca A , Carattoli A , 1998. Class 1 integron-borne multiple-antibiotic resistance carried by IncFI and IncL/M plasmids in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42: 3053–3058.
-
38.
Woodford N , Carattoli A , Karisik E , Underwood A , Ellington MJ , Livermore DM , 2009. Complete nucleotide sequences of plasmids pEK204, pEK499, and pEK516, encoding CTX-M enzymes in three major Escherichia coli lineages from the United Kingdom, all belonging to the international O25:H4-ST131 clone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 4472–4482.
-
39.
Xia W , Xu T , Qin T , Li P , Liu Y , Kang H , Gu B , Ma P , 2016. Characterization of integrons and novel cassette arrays in bacteria from clinical isolates in China, 2000–2014. J Biomed Res 30: 292–303.
-
40.
Domingues S , da Silva GJ , Nielsen KM , 2015. Global dissemination patterns of common gene cassette arrays in class 1 integrons. Microbiology 161: 1313–1337.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1715 | 903 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 291 | 43 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 124 | 32 | 16 |