Uetz P & HoŔek J. The Reptile Database. Available at: http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed February 25, 2022.
Pyron RA , Burbrink FT , Wiens JJ , 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol Biol 13: 93.
Jalink MB , 2020. Ocular complications of spitting cobra venom. Indian J Ophthalmol 68: 2632ā2633.
Kazandjian TD et al., 2021. Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science 371: 386ā390.
BrandĆ£o EO , de Bastos HC , Nishioka Sde A , Silveira PV , 1993. Lance-headed viper (Bothrops moojeni) bite wounding the eye. Rev Inst Med Trop SĆ£o Paulo 35: 381ā383.
Gupta M , Sharma P , Jain A , Solanky J , Sharma KK , Basu S , 1995. Unusual site of snake bite. Trop Doct 25: 134ā135.
Behrens AW , Jones MH , Lowery RS , 2018. Pediatric ocular injury secondary to a Burmese python bite. J AAPOS 22: 399ā400.e1.
Duff SM , Bowman A , Blake CR , 2020. Coluber constrictor bite to the eye: a novel case report of a wild snake bite to the eye in North America and review of literature. Cureus 12: e12125.
Troutman WG , Wilson LE , 1989. Topical ophthalmic exposure to rattlesnake venom. Am J Emerg Med 7: 307ā308.
Chen CC , Yang CM , Hu FR , Lee YC , 2005. Penetrating ocular injury caused by venomous snakebite. Am J Ophthalmol 140: 544ā546.
Yung ES , Crossan A , Honkanen R , Rosenberg JB , Kaplowitz K , 2018. Penetrating ocular injury by western diamondback rattlesnake. Can J Ophthalmol 53: e134āe135.
Tyagi P , Whyte IF , 2014. Adder bite on eyelid along with retained intraorbital fangs. Orbit 33: 127ā128.
Kleinman DM , Dunne EF , Taravella MJ , 1998. Boa constrictor bite to the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 116: 949ā950.
Sheard RM , Smith GT , 2003. Penetrating eye injury following a snake attack. Eye (Lond) 17: 279ā280.
Muthusamy K , Flynn TH , Mearza AA , 2012. A rare case of penetrating ocular injury secondary to a boa constrictor bite. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 35: 46ā47.
Korn BS , Korn TS , 2005. Cyanoacrylate repair of laser in situ keratomileusis corneal flap perforation by a snake bite. J Cataract Refract Surg 31: 2224ā2226.
Ashwin PT , Mehta P , Tailor R , McDonnell PJ , 2010. Challenges in the management of ocular snake-bite injuries. Int Ophthalmol 30: 633ā635.
Cantrell EL , Barry DJ , Breckenridge H , 2003. Ocular exposure to rattlesnake venom. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 605ā606.
Johnson R , 2009. Ophthalmic exposure to crotalid venom. J Emerg Med 36: 37ā38.
Shaikh IK , Dixit PP , Pawade BS , Potnis-Lele M , Kurhe BP , 2017. Assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of India and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Curr Microbiol 74: 1278ā1286.
Regional Office for South-East Asia , World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/249547. Accessed February 14, 2022.
Kerrigan KR , 1992. Bacteriology of snakebite abscess. Trop Doct 22: 158ā160.
Herman DC , Bartley GB , Walker RC , 1987. The treatment of animal bite injuries of the eye and ocular adnexa. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3: 237ā241.
Brockhaus L , Goldblum D , Eggenschwiler L , Zimmerli S , Marzolini C , 2019. Revisiting systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis: a review of intravitreal penetration of systemic antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect 25: 1364ā1369.
Barry P , CordovƩs L , Gardner S , 2013. ESCRS Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: Data, Dilemmas and Conclusions. Available at: https://www.escrs.org/downloads/Endophthalmitis-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2022.
Kuhn F , 2010. Traumatic cataract: what, when, how. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248: 1221ā1223.
Albert DM , Diaz-Rohena R , 1989. A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology. Surv Ophthalmol 34: 1ā14.
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Ocular injuries caused by snakes are very rare, but damage can be severe. There is little evidence on the effective treatment of these injuries. The aim of this systematic review is to discuss all available literature and summarize existing experiences in a treatment advice. In January 2022, a search was performed in the PubMed database. Penetrative trauma by venomous snakebites constitute the most severe cases, and can require the evisceration of the eye. Nonvenomous snakes, mostly boas and pythons held in captivity, are also able to perforate the eye, though with a more favorable disease course. Chemical trauma by inoculation of venom occurs as well, and copious irrigation is advised in these cases. Detailed suggestions for ophthalmologic treatment are presented.
Authorsā addresses: Maarten B. Jalink, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, and Department of Ophthalmology, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands, E-mail: maartenjalink@hotmail.com. Robert P. L. Wisse, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, E-mail: r.p.l.wisse@umcutrecht.nl.
Uetz P & HoŔek J. The Reptile Database. Available at: http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed February 25, 2022.
Pyron RA , Burbrink FT , Wiens JJ , 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol Biol 13: 93.
Jalink MB , 2020. Ocular complications of spitting cobra venom. Indian J Ophthalmol 68: 2632ā2633.
Kazandjian TD et al., 2021. Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science 371: 386ā390.
BrandĆ£o EO , de Bastos HC , Nishioka Sde A , Silveira PV , 1993. Lance-headed viper (Bothrops moojeni) bite wounding the eye. Rev Inst Med Trop SĆ£o Paulo 35: 381ā383.
Gupta M , Sharma P , Jain A , Solanky J , Sharma KK , Basu S , 1995. Unusual site of snake bite. Trop Doct 25: 134ā135.
Behrens AW , Jones MH , Lowery RS , 2018. Pediatric ocular injury secondary to a Burmese python bite. J AAPOS 22: 399ā400.e1.
Duff SM , Bowman A , Blake CR , 2020. Coluber constrictor bite to the eye: a novel case report of a wild snake bite to the eye in North America and review of literature. Cureus 12: e12125.
Troutman WG , Wilson LE , 1989. Topical ophthalmic exposure to rattlesnake venom. Am J Emerg Med 7: 307ā308.
Chen CC , Yang CM , Hu FR , Lee YC , 2005. Penetrating ocular injury caused by venomous snakebite. Am J Ophthalmol 140: 544ā546.
Yung ES , Crossan A , Honkanen R , Rosenberg JB , Kaplowitz K , 2018. Penetrating ocular injury by western diamondback rattlesnake. Can J Ophthalmol 53: e134āe135.
Tyagi P , Whyte IF , 2014. Adder bite on eyelid along with retained intraorbital fangs. Orbit 33: 127ā128.
Kleinman DM , Dunne EF , Taravella MJ , 1998. Boa constrictor bite to the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 116: 949ā950.
Sheard RM , Smith GT , 2003. Penetrating eye injury following a snake attack. Eye (Lond) 17: 279ā280.
Muthusamy K , Flynn TH , Mearza AA , 2012. A rare case of penetrating ocular injury secondary to a boa constrictor bite. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 35: 46ā47.
Korn BS , Korn TS , 2005. Cyanoacrylate repair of laser in situ keratomileusis corneal flap perforation by a snake bite. J Cataract Refract Surg 31: 2224ā2226.
Ashwin PT , Mehta P , Tailor R , McDonnell PJ , 2010. Challenges in the management of ocular snake-bite injuries. Int Ophthalmol 30: 633ā635.
Cantrell EL , Barry DJ , Breckenridge H , 2003. Ocular exposure to rattlesnake venom. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 605ā606.
Johnson R , 2009. Ophthalmic exposure to crotalid venom. J Emerg Med 36: 37ā38.
Shaikh IK , Dixit PP , Pawade BS , Potnis-Lele M , Kurhe BP , 2017. Assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of India and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Curr Microbiol 74: 1278ā1286.
Regional Office for South-East Asia , World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/249547. Accessed February 14, 2022.
Kerrigan KR , 1992. Bacteriology of snakebite abscess. Trop Doct 22: 158ā160.
Herman DC , Bartley GB , Walker RC , 1987. The treatment of animal bite injuries of the eye and ocular adnexa. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3: 237ā241.
Brockhaus L , Goldblum D , Eggenschwiler L , Zimmerli S , Marzolini C , 2019. Revisiting systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis: a review of intravitreal penetration of systemic antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect 25: 1364ā1369.
Barry P , CordovƩs L , Gardner S , 2013. ESCRS Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: Data, Dilemmas and Conclusions. Available at: https://www.escrs.org/downloads/Endophthalmitis-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2022.
Kuhn F , 2010. Traumatic cataract: what, when, how. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248: 1221ā1223.
Albert DM , Diaz-Rohena R , 1989. A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology. Surv Ophthalmol 34: 1ā14.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 16794 | 11990 | 23 |
Full Text Views | 635 | 161 | 2 |
PDF Downloads | 148 | 68 | 3 |