Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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1.
Uetz P & Hošek J. The Reptile Database. Available at: http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed February 25, 2022.
-
2.
Pyron RA , Burbrink FT , Wiens JJ , 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol Biol 13: 93.
-
3.
Jalink MB , 2020. Ocular complications of spitting cobra venom. Indian J Ophthalmol 68: 2632–2633.
-
4.
Kazandjian TD et al., 2021. Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science 371: 386–390.
-
5.
Brandão EO , de Bastos HC , Nishioka Sde A , Silveira PV , 1993. Lance-headed viper (Bothrops moojeni) bite wounding the eye. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 35: 381–383.
-
6.
Gupta M , Sharma P , Jain A , Solanky J , Sharma KK , Basu S , 1995. Unusual site of snake bite. Trop Doct 25: 134–135.
-
7.
Behrens AW , Jones MH , Lowery RS , 2018. Pediatric ocular injury secondary to a Burmese python bite. J AAPOS 22: 399–400.e1.
-
8.
Duff SM , Bowman A , Blake CR , 2020. Coluber constrictor bite to the eye: a novel case report of a wild snake bite to the eye in North America and review of literature. Cureus 12: e12125.
-
9.
Troutman WG , Wilson LE , 1989. Topical ophthalmic exposure to rattlesnake venom. Am J Emerg Med 7: 307–308.
-
10.
Chen CC , Yang CM , Hu FR , Lee YC , 2005. Penetrating ocular injury caused by venomous snakebite. Am J Ophthalmol 140: 544–546.
-
11.
Yung ES , Crossan A , Honkanen R , Rosenberg JB , Kaplowitz K , 2018. Penetrating ocular injury by western diamondback rattlesnake. Can J Ophthalmol 53: e134–e135.
-
12.
Tyagi P , Whyte IF , 2014. Adder bite on eyelid along with retained intraorbital fangs. Orbit 33: 127–128.
-
13.
Kleinman DM , Dunne EF , Taravella MJ , 1998. Boa constrictor bite to the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 116: 949–950.
-
14.
Sheard RM , Smith GT , 2003. Penetrating eye injury following a snake attack. Eye (Lond) 17: 279–280.
-
15.
Muthusamy K , Flynn TH , Mearza AA , 2012. A rare case of penetrating ocular injury secondary to a boa constrictor bite. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 35: 46–47.
-
16.
Korn BS , Korn TS , 2005. Cyanoacrylate repair of laser in situ keratomileusis corneal flap perforation by a snake bite. J Cataract Refract Surg 31: 2224–2226.
-
17.
Ashwin PT , Mehta P , Tailor R , McDonnell PJ , 2010. Challenges in the management of ocular snake-bite injuries. Int Ophthalmol 30: 633–635.
-
18.
Cantrell EL , Barry DJ , Breckenridge H , 2003. Ocular exposure to rattlesnake venom. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 605–606.
-
19.
Johnson R , 2009. Ophthalmic exposure to crotalid venom. J Emerg Med 36: 37–38.
-
20.
Shaikh IK , Dixit PP , Pawade BS , Potnis-Lele M , Kurhe BP , 2017. Assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of India and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Curr Microbiol 74: 1278–1286.
-
21.
Regional Office for South-East Asia , World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/249547. Accessed February 14, 2022.
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22.
Kerrigan KR , 1992. Bacteriology of snakebite abscess. Trop Doct 22: 158–160.
-
23.
Herman DC , Bartley GB , Walker RC , 1987. The treatment of animal bite injuries of the eye and ocular adnexa. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3: 237–241.
-
24.
Brockhaus L , Goldblum D , Eggenschwiler L , Zimmerli S , Marzolini C , 2019. Revisiting systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis: a review of intravitreal penetration of systemic antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect 25: 1364–1369.
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25.
Barry P , Cordovés L , Gardner S , 2013. ESCRS Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: Data, Dilemmas and Conclusions. Available at: https://www.escrs.org/downloads/Endophthalmitis-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2022.
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Kuhn F , 2010. Traumatic cataract: what, when, how. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248: 1221–1223.
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27.
Albert DM , Diaz-Rohena R , 1989. A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology. Surv Ophthalmol 34: 1–14.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 19226 | 2240 | 131 |
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A Guide to Direct (Peri)ocular Injuries Caused by Snakes: Systematic Review and Treatment Advice
Maarten B. Jalink
Maarten B. Jalink
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands;
Department of Ophthalmology, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Ophthalmology, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Robert P. L. Wisse
Robert P. L. Wisse
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands;
Search for other papers by Robert P. L. Wisse in
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Search for other papers by Robert P. L. Wisse in
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ABSTRACT.
Ocular injuries caused by snakes are very rare, but damage can be severe. There is little evidence on the effective treatment of these injuries. The aim of this systematic review is to discuss all available literature and summarize existing experiences in a treatment advice. In January 2022, a search was performed in the PubMed database. Penetrative trauma by venomous snakebites constitute the most severe cases, and can require the evisceration of the eye. Nonvenomous snakes, mostly boas and pythons held in captivity, are also able to perforate the eye, though with a more favorable disease course. Chemical trauma by inoculation of venom occurs as well, and copious irrigation is advised in these cases. Detailed suggestions for ophthalmologic treatment are presented.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Maarten B. Jalink, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, and Department of Ophthalmology, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands, E-mail: maartenjalink@hotmail.com. Robert P. L. Wisse, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, E-mail: r.p.l.wisse@umcutrecht.nl.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Uetz P & Hošek J. The Reptile Database. Available at: http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed February 25, 2022.
-
2.
Pyron RA , Burbrink FT , Wiens JJ , 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol Biol 13: 93.
-
3.
Jalink MB , 2020. Ocular complications of spitting cobra venom. Indian J Ophthalmol 68: 2632–2633.
-
4.
Kazandjian TD et al., 2021. Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras. Science 371: 386–390.
-
5.
Brandão EO , de Bastos HC , Nishioka Sde A , Silveira PV , 1993. Lance-headed viper (Bothrops moojeni) bite wounding the eye. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 35: 381–383.
-
6.
Gupta M , Sharma P , Jain A , Solanky J , Sharma KK , Basu S , 1995. Unusual site of snake bite. Trop Doct 25: 134–135.
-
7.
Behrens AW , Jones MH , Lowery RS , 2018. Pediatric ocular injury secondary to a Burmese python bite. J AAPOS 22: 399–400.e1.
-
8.
Duff SM , Bowman A , Blake CR , 2020. Coluber constrictor bite to the eye: a novel case report of a wild snake bite to the eye in North America and review of literature. Cureus 12: e12125.
-
9.
Troutman WG , Wilson LE , 1989. Topical ophthalmic exposure to rattlesnake venom. Am J Emerg Med 7: 307–308.
-
10.
Chen CC , Yang CM , Hu FR , Lee YC , 2005. Penetrating ocular injury caused by venomous snakebite. Am J Ophthalmol 140: 544–546.
-
11.
Yung ES , Crossan A , Honkanen R , Rosenberg JB , Kaplowitz K , 2018. Penetrating ocular injury by western diamondback rattlesnake. Can J Ophthalmol 53: e134–e135.
-
12.
Tyagi P , Whyte IF , 2014. Adder bite on eyelid along with retained intraorbital fangs. Orbit 33: 127–128.
-
13.
Kleinman DM , Dunne EF , Taravella MJ , 1998. Boa constrictor bite to the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 116: 949–950.
-
14.
Sheard RM , Smith GT , 2003. Penetrating eye injury following a snake attack. Eye (Lond) 17: 279–280.
-
15.
Muthusamy K , Flynn TH , Mearza AA , 2012. A rare case of penetrating ocular injury secondary to a boa constrictor bite. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 35: 46–47.
-
16.
Korn BS , Korn TS , 2005. Cyanoacrylate repair of laser in situ keratomileusis corneal flap perforation by a snake bite. J Cataract Refract Surg 31: 2224–2226.
-
17.
Ashwin PT , Mehta P , Tailor R , McDonnell PJ , 2010. Challenges in the management of ocular snake-bite injuries. Int Ophthalmol 30: 633–635.
-
18.
Cantrell EL , Barry DJ , Breckenridge H , 2003. Ocular exposure to rattlesnake venom. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 605–606.
-
19.
Johnson R , 2009. Ophthalmic exposure to crotalid venom. J Emerg Med 36: 37–38.
-
20.
Shaikh IK , Dixit PP , Pawade BS , Potnis-Lele M , Kurhe BP , 2017. Assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of India and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Curr Microbiol 74: 1278–1286.
-
21.
Regional Office for South-East Asia , World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/249547. Accessed February 14, 2022.
-
22.
Kerrigan KR , 1992. Bacteriology of snakebite abscess. Trop Doct 22: 158–160.
-
23.
Herman DC , Bartley GB , Walker RC , 1987. The treatment of animal bite injuries of the eye and ocular adnexa. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3: 237–241.
-
24.
Brockhaus L , Goldblum D , Eggenschwiler L , Zimmerli S , Marzolini C , 2019. Revisiting systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis: a review of intravitreal penetration of systemic antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect 25: 1364–1369.
-
25.
Barry P , Cordovés L , Gardner S , 2013. ESCRS Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: Data, Dilemmas and Conclusions. Available at: https://www.escrs.org/downloads/Endophthalmitis-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2022.
-
26.
Kuhn F , 2010. Traumatic cataract: what, when, how. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248: 1221–1223.
-
27.
Albert DM , Diaz-Rohena R , 1989. A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology. Surv Ophthalmol 34: 1–14.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 19226 | 2240 | 131 |
| Full Text Views | 837 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 162 | 11 | 0 |