ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Enwonwu CO , Falkler WA Jr , Idigbe EO , 2000. Oro-facial gangrene (noma/cancrum oris): pathogenetic mechanisms. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11: 159–171.
-
2.
Bello SA , Adeoye JA , Oketade I , Akadiri OA , 2019. Estimated incidence and prevalence of noma in north central Nigeria, 2010–2018: a retrospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007574.
-
3.
Baratti-Mayer et al.2003. Noma: an “infectious” disease of unknown aetiology. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 419–431.
-
4.
Tonna JE , Lewin MR , Mensh B , 2010. A case and review of noma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e869.
-
5.
Ashok N , Tarakji B , Darwish S , Rodrigues JC , Altamimi MA , 2016. A review on noma: a recent update. Glob J Health Sci 8: 53.
-
6.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2016. NOMA is a severe disease It is treatable if detected and managed early! Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-07/Information_brochure_EN.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2022.
-
7.
Srour ML , Marck K , Baratti-Mayer D , 2017. Noma: overview of a neglected disease and human rights violation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 268.
-
8.
Adelsberger L , 1946. Medical observations in Auschwitz concentration camp. Lancet 247: 317–319.
-
9.
Marck KW, 2003. Noma: the face of poverty. Hannover: MIT-Verlag GmbH, 53–128.
-
10.
Bourgeois DM , Leclercq MH , 1999. The World Health Organization initiative on noma. Oral Dis 5: 172–174.
-
11.
Fieger A , Marck KW , Busch R , Schmidt A , 2003. An estimation of the incidence of noma in north‐west Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health 8: 402–407.
-
12.
Farley E et al.2020. The prevalence of noma in northwest Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 5: e002141.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 1998. Noma Today: A Public Health Problem? Report on an Expert Consultation According to the Delphi Method. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
14.
Oji C , 2002. Cancrum oris: its incidence and treatment in Enugu, Nigeria. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40: 406–409.
-
15.
Denloye OO , Aderinokun GA , Lawoyin JO , Bankole OO , 2003. Reviewing trends in the incidence of cancrum oris in Ibadan, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 22: 26–29.
-
16.
Adeniyi SA , Awosan KJ , 2019. Pattern of noma (cancrum oris) and its risk factors in northwestern Nigeria: a hospital-based retrospective study. Ann Afr Med 18: 17.
-
17.
Marck KW , De Bruijn HP , 1999. Surgical treatment of noma. Oral Dis 5: 167–171.
-
18.
Enwonwu CO , 1972. Epidemiological and biochemical studies of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and noma (cancrum oris) in Nigerian children. Arch Oral Biol 17: 1357–1371.
-
19.
Enwonwu CO , 1995. Noma: a neglected scourge of children in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ 73: 541.
-
20.
World Health Organization , 2016. Promoting Oral Health in Africa: Prevention and Control of Oral Diseases and Noma as Part of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
21.
Evering T , Weiss LM , 2006. The immunology of parasite infections in immunocompromised hosts. Parasite Immunol 28: 549–565.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 432 | 432 | 42 |
| Full Text Views | 27 | 27 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 25 | 25 | 1 |
Retrospective Characterization of Noma Cases Found Incidentally across Nigeria during Outreach Programs for Cleft Lip from 2011–2020
ABSTRACT.
Reports of cases of noma in Nigeria remain scarce despite its known and devastating effects on victims. This report presents a retrospective cross-sectional study based on data regarding on patients with noma encountered incidentally during Oral Health Advocacy Initiative outreach on orofacial diseases across 34 states and the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria over 10 years (2011–2020), which was aimed at contributing to an understanding of the epidemiology of noma in Nigeria. The data were collated and analyzed, and are presented in frequency distribution tables and charts. A total of 7,195 patients with noma were encountered. The northeastern region had the greatest number of patients (n = 1,785, 24.8%) whereas the southwestern region had the least (n = 196, 2.7%). When aggregated by state, Ondo State had the least number of patients (n = 31, 0.4%) whereas Kano State had the greatest (n = 623, 8.7%). Patient age ranged from 3 to 70 years, with a slight male preponderance (56.9%). This report highlights the fact that noma is prevalent in Nigeria but remains neglected, with extensive but preventable physical, emotional, and social debilitation and devastation of the victims across all age groups. There is a need for a more robust survey to determine the true burden of the disease. There is also an urgent need for collaboration between governments and nongovernmental organizations to institute appropriate interventions by way of public education and enlightenment, as well as case detection and early treatment to mitigate the devastating consequences of delayed or poorly managed cases.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 475 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Ngutor Ver-or, Ikhelua Thomas Afeleokhai, Chiangi Gabriel Aza, Jeremiah Z. Adaji, and Charlse Margima, Oral Health Advocacy Initiative, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, E-mails: mc61243@yahoo.com, afeikhelua@gmail.com, talentsworld@rocketmail.com, adajijerry@gmail.com, and margimacharles@gmail.com. Iregbu Kenneth Chukwuemeka, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mail: keniregbu@yahoo.co.uk. Olaniyi Olufemi Taiwo, Inter-country Center for Oral Health for Africa, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, taiwo25@yahoo.co.uk.