- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CDI
- CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
- CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION IN INDOCHINA AND ITS NEIGHBORS
- SUMMARY OF C. DIFFICILE RIBOTYPING DATA FROM THE INDOCHINA REGION
- C. DIFFICILE IN ANIMALS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF C. DIFFICILE
- ONE HEALTH
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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Epidemiology of Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile Infection in Southeast Asia
Peng An Khun
Peng An Khun
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia;
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Thomas V. Riley
Thomas V. Riley
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia;
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia;
Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia;
Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia;
Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia;
Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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ABSTRACT.
This review describes the current understanding of Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI) in southeast Asia regarding the prevalence of CDI, C. difficile detection methods, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and the potential significance of a One Health approach to prevention and control. Our initial focus had been the Indochina region, however, due to limited studies/surveillance of CDI in Indochina, other studies in southeast Asian countries and neighboring Chinese provinces are presented here for comparison. Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired gastroenteritis worldwide. Since its discovery as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis in 1978, C. difficile-related disease has been more prevalent in high-income rather than low-income countries. This may be because of a lack of knowledge and awareness about the significance of C. difficile and CDI, resulting in underreporting of true rates. Moreover, the abuse of antimicrobials and paucity of education regarding appropriate usage remain important driving factors in the evolution of CDI worldwide. The combination of underreporting of true CDI rates, along with continued misuse of antimicrobial agents, poses an alarming threat for regions like Indochina. C. difficile ribotype (RT) 027 has caused outbreaks in North America and European countries, however, C. difficile RT 017 commonly occurs in Asia. Toxin A-negative/toxin B-positive (A−B+) strains of RT 017 have circulated widely and caused outbreaks throughout the world and, in southeast Asia, this strain is endemic.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Peng An Khun, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia, E-mail: pengan.khun@research.uwa.edu.au. Thomas V. Riley, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia, Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia, and Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, E-mail: thomas.riley@uwa.edu.au.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CDI
- CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
- CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION IN INDOCHINA AND ITS NEIGHBORS
- SUMMARY OF C. DIFFICILE RIBOTYPING DATA FROM THE INDOCHINA REGION
- C. DIFFICILE IN ANIMALS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF C. DIFFICILE
- ONE HEALTH
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Rupnik M , Wilcox MH , Gerding DN , 2009. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 526–536.
-
2.
Vonberg RP et al.2008. Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 14: 2–20.
-
3.
Knight DR , Thean S , Putsathit P , Fenwick S , Riley TV , 2013. Cross-sectional study reveals high prevalence of Clostridium difficile non-PCR ribotype 078 strains in Australian veal calves at slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 79: 2630–2635.
-
4.
Knight DR , Squire MM , Riley TV , 2015. Nationwide surveillance study of Clostridium difficile in Australian neonatal pigs shows high prevalence and heterogeneity of PCR ribotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 81: 119–123.
-
5.
Jawa RS , Mercer DW , 2012. Clostridium difficile-associated infection: a disease of varying severity. Am J Surg 204: 836–842.
-
6.
Zellweger RM , Carrique-Mas J , Limmathurotsakul D , Day NPJ , Thwaites GE , Baker S , 2017. A current perspective on antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia. J Antimicrob Chemother 72: 2963–2972.
-
7.
Om C , Daily F , Vlieghe E , McLaughlin JC , McLaws ML , 2017. Pervasive antibiotic misuse in the Cambodian community: antibiotic-seeking behaviour with unrestricted access. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 6: 30.
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