Garba B , Bahaman AR , Bejo SK , Zakaria Z , Mutalib AR , Bande F , 2017. Major epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia. Acta Trop 178: 242–247.
Benacer D , Kwai LT , Ng CM , Verasahib KB , Galloway RL , Hartskeerl RA , Souris M , Mohd Zain SN , 2016. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012. Acta Trop 157: 162–168.
Fontes RM , Cavalcanti LPD , Oliveira ACA , Bezerra LFD , Gomes AMM , Colares JKB , Lima DM , 2015. A new possibility for surveillance: do we identify all cases of leptospirosis? Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 57: 443–446.
Loong SK et al.2018. Serological evidence of high Leptospira exposure among indigenous people (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia using a recombinant antigen-based ELISA. Trop Biomed 35: 1–9.
Hishamshah M , Ahmad N , Ibrahim HM , Halim NAN , Nawi S , Amran F , 2018. Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of leptospirosis and dengue co-infection in Malaysia. J Med Microbiol 67: 806–813.
Noor Rafizah AA et al.2012. Leptospirosis in northeastern Malaysia: misdiagnosed or coinfection? Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Health 4: 1419–1427.
Mudin RN , 2015. Dengue incidence and the prevention and control program in Malaysia. IMJM 14: 5–9.
Abdullah NM et al.2019. Leptospirosis and its prevention: knowledge, attitude and practice of urban community in Selangor, Malaysia. BMC Public Health 19: 628.
Dircio Montes Sergio A , González Figueroa E , María Saadia VG , Elizabeth SH , Beatriz RS , Altuzar Aguilar Víctor M , Navarrete Espinosa J , 2012. Leptospirosis prevalence in patients with initial diagnosis of dengue. J Trop Med 2012: 519701.
Noor Rafizah AA et al.2013. A hospital-based study on seroprevalence of leptospirosis among febrile cases in northeastern Malaysia. Int J Infect Dis 17: e394–e397.
Rahman MHAA et al.2018. Seroprevalence and distribution of leptospirosis serovars among wet market workers in northeastern Malaysia: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 18: 569.
Picardeau M , 2013. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Med Mal Infect 43: 1–9.
Budihal SV , Perwez K , 2014. Leptospirosis diagnosis: competency of various laboratory tests. J Clin Diagn Res 8: 199–202.
Hernández-Rodríguez P , Gomez RA , Baquero M , Quintero G , 2014. Identification of ompL1 and lipL32 genes to diagnosis of pathogenic Leptospira spp. isolated from cattle. OJVM 4: 102–112.
Chen HW , Weissenberger G , Atkins E , Chao CC , Suputtamongkol Y , Ching WM , 2015. Highly sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of Leptospira. Int J Bacteriol 2015: 147173.
Sam IC et al.2012. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of chikungunya virus of different genotypes from Malaysia. PLoS One 7: e50476.
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In recent years, the number of leptospirosis cases, including the number of deaths, has exponentially increased in Malaysia. From June 2016 to February 2018, blood samples of 321 febrile patients with the presumptive diagnosis of dengue-like illness were examined for possible exposure to Leptospira. Two hundred fifty-five blood samples were tested as negative for dengue. Seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM ELISA for leptospirosis were performed. From the samples, an overall prevalence for leptospirosis based on PCR of 4.7% (12/255) was obtained. Eighteen percent (46/255) were positive for anti-Leptospira IgM antibodies. The genome sequences of six of 12 Leptospira PCR-positive samples showed > 97.0% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. One patient’s sample consisted of Leptospira and chikungunya virus, suggesting a coinfection. Findings from the study suggest that leptospirosis is prevalent among dengue-negative febrile patients in Malaysia.
Financial support: We acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, for funding this work under the niche area research of the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence program (MO002-2019). The opinions and assertions contained herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Department of the Navy, U.S. Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
Disclosure: Author C. C. C. is an employee of the U. S. Government. This work was prepared as part of official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. §105 provides that “Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.” Title 17 U.S.C. §101 defines U.S. Government work as a work prepared by an employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties. This study was approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (NMRR15-2141-27145 [IIR]).
Authors’ addresses: Shih Keng Loong, Mohamad Azlan Abd-Majid, Boon Teong Teoh, Mi Jing Cheh, Chee Sieng Khor, Jing Jing Khoo, and Sazaly AbuBakar, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mails: loongsk@um.edu.my, azlanbinmajid@gmail.com, boonteong@um.edu.my, mjcheh1995@hotmail.com, khor_cs@um.edu.my, khoojj@gmail.com, and sazaly@um.edu.my. Chien Chung Chao, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, and Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: ch3chao@gmail.com.
Garba B , Bahaman AR , Bejo SK , Zakaria Z , Mutalib AR , Bande F , 2017. Major epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia. Acta Trop 178: 242–247.
Benacer D , Kwai LT , Ng CM , Verasahib KB , Galloway RL , Hartskeerl RA , Souris M , Mohd Zain SN , 2016. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012. Acta Trop 157: 162–168.
Fontes RM , Cavalcanti LPD , Oliveira ACA , Bezerra LFD , Gomes AMM , Colares JKB , Lima DM , 2015. A new possibility for surveillance: do we identify all cases of leptospirosis? Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 57: 443–446.
Loong SK et al.2018. Serological evidence of high Leptospira exposure among indigenous people (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia using a recombinant antigen-based ELISA. Trop Biomed 35: 1–9.
Hishamshah M , Ahmad N , Ibrahim HM , Halim NAN , Nawi S , Amran F , 2018. Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of leptospirosis and dengue co-infection in Malaysia. J Med Microbiol 67: 806–813.
Noor Rafizah AA et al.2012. Leptospirosis in northeastern Malaysia: misdiagnosed or coinfection? Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Health 4: 1419–1427.
Mudin RN , 2015. Dengue incidence and the prevention and control program in Malaysia. IMJM 14: 5–9.
Abdullah NM et al.2019. Leptospirosis and its prevention: knowledge, attitude and practice of urban community in Selangor, Malaysia. BMC Public Health 19: 628.
Dircio Montes Sergio A , González Figueroa E , María Saadia VG , Elizabeth SH , Beatriz RS , Altuzar Aguilar Víctor M , Navarrete Espinosa J , 2012. Leptospirosis prevalence in patients with initial diagnosis of dengue. J Trop Med 2012: 519701.
Noor Rafizah AA et al.2013. A hospital-based study on seroprevalence of leptospirosis among febrile cases in northeastern Malaysia. Int J Infect Dis 17: e394–e397.
Rahman MHAA et al.2018. Seroprevalence and distribution of leptospirosis serovars among wet market workers in northeastern Malaysia: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 18: 569.
Picardeau M , 2013. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Med Mal Infect 43: 1–9.
Budihal SV , Perwez K , 2014. Leptospirosis diagnosis: competency of various laboratory tests. J Clin Diagn Res 8: 199–202.
Hernández-Rodríguez P , Gomez RA , Baquero M , Quintero G , 2014. Identification of ompL1 and lipL32 genes to diagnosis of pathogenic Leptospira spp. isolated from cattle. OJVM 4: 102–112.
Chen HW , Weissenberger G , Atkins E , Chao CC , Suputtamongkol Y , Ching WM , 2015. Highly sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of Leptospira. Int J Bacteriol 2015: 147173.
Sam IC et al.2012. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of chikungunya virus of different genotypes from Malaysia. PLoS One 7: e50476.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 3394 | 2023 | 750 |
Full Text Views | 225 | 23 | 8 |
PDF Downloads | 147 | 22 | 7 |