Yongchen Z , Shen H , Wang X , Shi X , Li Y , Yan J , Chen Y , Gu B , 2020. Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 9: 833–836.
Zainabadi K , 2021. Ultrasensitive diagnostics for low density asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in low transmission settings. J Clin Microbiol 59: e01508–20.
WHO , 2020. World Malaria Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791.
Perera RS , Ding XC , Tully F , Oliver J , Bright N , Bell D , Chiodini PL , Gonzalez IJ , Polley SD , 2017. Development and clinical performance of high throughput loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of malaria. PLoS One 12: e0171126.
Taylor SM , Juliano JJ , Trottman PA , Griffin JB , Landis SH , Kitsa P , Tshefu AK , Meshnick SR , 2010. High-throughput pooling and real-time PCR-based strategy for malaria detection. J Clin Microbiol 48: 512–519.
Balikagala B et al.2021. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa. N Engl J Med 385: 1163–1171.
Uwimana A et al.2021. Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study. Lancet Infect Dis 21: 1120–1128.
Mu TT , Sein AA , Kyi TT , Min M , Aung NM , Anstey NM , Kyaw MP , Soe C , Kyi MM , Hanson J , 2016. Malaria incidence in Myanmar 2005–2014: steady but fragile progress towards elimination. Malar J 15: 503.
Payne D , 1987. Spread of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 3: 241–246.
WHO , 2015. Malaria elimination strategy in the greater Mekong subregion. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
National Malaria Control Program , 2016. National Plan for malaria elimination (NPME) in Myanmar 2016–2030. Naypyitaw, Myanmar.
Ariey F et al.2014. A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 505: 50–55.
Witkowski B et al.2017. A surrogate marker of piperaquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a phenotype-genotype association study. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 174–183.
Amato R et al.2017. Genetic markers associated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: a genotype-phenotype association study. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 164–173.
Imwong M et al.2015. The epidemiology of subclinical malaria infections in South-East Asia: findings from cross-sectional surveys in Thailand–Myanmar border areas, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Malar J 14: 381.
Imwong M et al.2016. Numerical distributions of parasite densities during asymptomatic malaria. J Infect Dis 213: 1322–1329.
Okell LC , Bousema T , Griffin JT , Ouédraogo AL , Ghani AC , Drakeley CJ , 2012. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun 3: 1237.
Britton S , Cheng Q , McCarthy JS , 2016. Novel molecular diagnostic tools for malaria elimination: a review of options from the point of view of high-throughput and applicability in resource limited settings. Malar J 15: 88.
Zainabadi K et al.2017. A novel method for extracting nucleic acids from dried blood spots for ultrasensitive detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. Malar J 16: 377.
Zainabadi K , Nyunt MM , Plowe CV , 2019. An improved nucleic acid extraction method from dried blood spots for amplification of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 for detection of artemisinin resistance. Malar J 18: 192.
Apinjoh TO , Ouattara A , Titanji VPK , Djimde A , Amambua-Ngwa A , 2019. Genetic diversity and drug resistance surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum for malaria elimination: is there an ideal tool for resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa? Malar J 18: 217.
Inzaule SC , Tessema SK , Kebede Y , Ogwell Ouma AE , Nkengasong JN , 2021. Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis 21: e281–e289.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the important role molecular surveillance plays in public health. Such capacity however is either weak or nonexistent in many low-income countries. This article outlines a 2-year effort to establish two high-throughput molecular surveillance laboratories in Myanmar for tracking asymptomatic and drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The lessons learned from this endeavor may prove useful for others seeking to establish similar molecular surveillance capacity in other resource-limited settings.
Authors’ addresses: Kay Thwe Han and Zay Yar Han, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar, E-mails: drkaythwehan@yahoo.com and drzayarhan@gmail.com. Kayvan Zainabadi, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, E-mail: kayvan@alum.mit.edu.
Yongchen Z , Shen H , Wang X , Shi X , Li Y , Yan J , Chen Y , Gu B , 2020. Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 9: 833–836.
Zainabadi K , 2021. Ultrasensitive diagnostics for low density asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in low transmission settings. J Clin Microbiol 59: e01508–20.
WHO , 2020. World Malaria Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791.
Perera RS , Ding XC , Tully F , Oliver J , Bright N , Bell D , Chiodini PL , Gonzalez IJ , Polley SD , 2017. Development and clinical performance of high throughput loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of malaria. PLoS One 12: e0171126.
Taylor SM , Juliano JJ , Trottman PA , Griffin JB , Landis SH , Kitsa P , Tshefu AK , Meshnick SR , 2010. High-throughput pooling and real-time PCR-based strategy for malaria detection. J Clin Microbiol 48: 512–519.
Balikagala B et al.2021. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa. N Engl J Med 385: 1163–1171.
Uwimana A et al.2021. Association of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H genotypes with delayed parasite clearance in Rwanda: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, therapeutic efficacy study. Lancet Infect Dis 21: 1120–1128.
Mu TT , Sein AA , Kyi TT , Min M , Aung NM , Anstey NM , Kyaw MP , Soe C , Kyi MM , Hanson J , 2016. Malaria incidence in Myanmar 2005–2014: steady but fragile progress towards elimination. Malar J 15: 503.
Payne D , 1987. Spread of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 3: 241–246.
WHO , 2015. Malaria elimination strategy in the greater Mekong subregion. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
National Malaria Control Program , 2016. National Plan for malaria elimination (NPME) in Myanmar 2016–2030. Naypyitaw, Myanmar.
Ariey F et al.2014. A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 505: 50–55.
Witkowski B et al.2017. A surrogate marker of piperaquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a phenotype-genotype association study. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 174–183.
Amato R et al.2017. Genetic markers associated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: a genotype-phenotype association study. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 164–173.
Imwong M et al.2015. The epidemiology of subclinical malaria infections in South-East Asia: findings from cross-sectional surveys in Thailand–Myanmar border areas, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Malar J 14: 381.
Imwong M et al.2016. Numerical distributions of parasite densities during asymptomatic malaria. J Infect Dis 213: 1322–1329.
Okell LC , Bousema T , Griffin JT , Ouédraogo AL , Ghani AC , Drakeley CJ , 2012. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun 3: 1237.
Britton S , Cheng Q , McCarthy JS , 2016. Novel molecular diagnostic tools for malaria elimination: a review of options from the point of view of high-throughput and applicability in resource limited settings. Malar J 15: 88.
Zainabadi K et al.2017. A novel method for extracting nucleic acids from dried blood spots for ultrasensitive detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. Malar J 16: 377.
Zainabadi K , Nyunt MM , Plowe CV , 2019. An improved nucleic acid extraction method from dried blood spots for amplification of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 for detection of artemisinin resistance. Malar J 18: 192.
Apinjoh TO , Ouattara A , Titanji VPK , Djimde A , Amambua-Ngwa A , 2019. Genetic diversity and drug resistance surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum for malaria elimination: is there an ideal tool for resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa? Malar J 18: 217.
Inzaule SC , Tessema SK , Kebede Y , Ogwell Ouma AE , Nkengasong JN , 2021. Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis 21: e281–e289.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 18362 | 523 | 99 |
Full Text Views | 378 | 149 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 97 | 10 | 0 |