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1.
Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Wiedenmayer K , 2009. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1–7.
-
2.
Simon-Loriere E et al.2017. Autochthonous Japanese encephalitis with yellow fever coinfection in Africa. N Engl J Med 376: 1483–1485.
-
3.
Ravanini P et al.2012. Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveill 17: 20221.
-
4.
Platonov A, Rossi G, Karan L, Mironov K, Busani L, Rezza G, 2012. Does the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) represent a threat for human health in Europe? Detection of JEV RNA sequences in birds collected in Italy. Euro Surveill 17: 20241.
-
5.
Kuwata R, Sugiyama H, Yonemitsu K, Van Dung N, Terada Y, Taniguchi M, Shimoda H, Takano A, Maeda K , 2015. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus and a novel insect-specific flavivirus from mosquitoes collected in a cowshed in Japan. Arch Virol 160: 2151–2159.
-
6.
National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare , 2017. Japanese Encephalitis, Japan, 2007–2016. Infect Agents Surveillance Report 38: 151'–152'. Available at: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/idsc/iasr/38/450.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2021.
-
7.
Kobayashi D, Komatsu N, Faizah AN, Amoa-Bosompem M, Sawabe K, Isawa H , 2021. A novel nyavirus lacking matrix and glycoprotein genes from Argas japonicus ticks. Virus Res 292: 198254.
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8.
Kuwata R et al.2020. Distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016–2018. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 125–128.
-
9.
Kuwata R, Isawa H, Hoshino K, Tsuda Y, Yanase T, Sasaki T, Kobayashi M, Sawabe K , 2011. RNA splicing in a new rhabdovirus from Culex mosquitoes. J Virol 85: 6185–6196.
-
10.
Kent RJ , 2009. Molecular methods for arthropod bloodmeal identification and applications to ecological and vector‐borne disease studies. Mol Ecol Resour 9: 4–18.
-
11.
Kuno G, Chang GJJ , 2005. Biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 608–637.
-
12.
Kuno G , 2007. Host range specificity of flaviviruses: correlation with in vitro replication. J Med Entomol 44: 93–101.
-
13.
Lawrie CH, Uzcátegui NY, Gould EA, Nuttall PA , 2004. Ixodid and argasid tick species and West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 653–657.
-
14.
Rosen L , 1987. Overwintering mechanisms of mosquito-borne arboviruses in temperate climates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37: 69S–76S.
-
15.
Takada N, Fujita H, Takahashi M, Natsuaki M , 2019. Key to species of mature ticks and specific descriptions. Takada N, ed. Medical Acarology in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Hokuryukan, 118–147.
-
16.
Hamano M, Lim CK, Takagi H, Sawabe K, Kuwayama M, Kishi N, Kurane I, Takasaki T , 2007. Detection of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in the wild boars in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan. Epidemiol Infect 135: 974–977.
-
17.
Shiraishi S , 2011. Field collections of mosquito larvae in 2009 and 2010 in Ehime Prefecture, western Japan. Jap J Sanit Zool 62: 109–116.
-
18.
Tamashiro M, Toma T, Mannen K, Higa Y, Miyagi I , 2011. Bloodmeal identification and feeding habits of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected at five islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Jap J Sanit Zool 62: 53–70.
-
19.
Chae JB, Kang JG, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Shin NS, Chae JS , 2017. Identification of tick species collected from wild boars and habitats of wild boars and domestic pigs in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 55: 185–191.
-
20.
Yano Y, Shiraishi S, Uchida TA , 1987. Effects of temperature on development and growth in the tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Exp Appl Acarol 3: 73–78.
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Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus RNA in Host-Questing Ticks in Japan, 2019–2020
Daisuke Kobayashi
Daisuke Kobayashi
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Ryusei Kuwata
Ryusei Kuwata
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan;
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Toshiya Kimura
Toshiya Kimura
Meat Inspection Center of Ehime Prefecture, Ehime, Japan
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Astri Nur Faizah
Astri Nur Faizah
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik
Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Yukiko Higa
Yukiko Higa
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Toshihiko Hayashi
Toshihiko Hayashi
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Kyoko Sawabe
Kyoko Sawabe
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Haruhiko Isawa
Haruhiko Isawa
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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ABSTRACT.
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne virus, causes severe clinical symptoms in humans in the Asian-Pacific region, where it circulates in a primary transmission cycle among Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus), and wading birds. We report here an anomalous result that mosquito-borne JEV was detected in unfed host-questing ticks collected from the field in Japan. JEV genomic RNA was detected in four pools of Haemaphysalis flava nymphs collected in November and December 2019, and March 2020, when Cx. tritaeniorhynchus adults were not presumed to be active. Moreover, JEV antigenomic RNA was detected in some JEV-positive tick samples, suggesting virus replication in ticks. However, taken together with no infectious virus isolated, the possibility that the antigenomic RNA was derived from the undigested bloodmeal source in ticks cannot be ruled out. Thus, the role of the ticks as a natural reservoir for JEV remains to be confirmed.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 309 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by grants-in-aid for the Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development (AMED) Grant Number JP20fk0108067, Regulatory Science Research from Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Grant Number 20KC1001, and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18H02856 and JP20K15671.
Authors’ addresses: Daisuke Kobayashi, Astri Nur Faizah, Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik, Yukiko Higa, Toshihiko Hayashi, Kyoko Sawabe, and Haruhiko Isawa, Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, E-mails: dkoba@nih.go.jp, astri.faizah@mail.u-tokyo.ac.jp, faustus@niid.go.jp, saperoi@niid.go.jp, thaya@nih.go.jp, sawabe@niid.go.jp, and hisawa@nih.go.jp. Ryusei Kuwata, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari City, Ehime, Japan, E-mail: r-kuwata@vet.ous.ac.jp. Toshiya Kimura, Meat Inspection Center of Ehime Prefecture, Oozu City, Ehime, Japan, E-mail: kimura-toshiya@pref.ehime.lg.jp.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Wiedenmayer K , 2009. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1–7.
-
2.
Simon-Loriere E et al.2017. Autochthonous Japanese encephalitis with yellow fever coinfection in Africa. N Engl J Med 376: 1483–1485.
-
3.
Ravanini P et al.2012. Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveill 17: 20221.
-
4.
Platonov A, Rossi G, Karan L, Mironov K, Busani L, Rezza G, 2012. Does the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) represent a threat for human health in Europe? Detection of JEV RNA sequences in birds collected in Italy. Euro Surveill 17: 20241.
-
5.
Kuwata R, Sugiyama H, Yonemitsu K, Van Dung N, Terada Y, Taniguchi M, Shimoda H, Takano A, Maeda K , 2015. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus and a novel insect-specific flavivirus from mosquitoes collected in a cowshed in Japan. Arch Virol 160: 2151–2159.
-
6.
National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare , 2017. Japanese Encephalitis, Japan, 2007–2016. Infect Agents Surveillance Report 38: 151'–152'. Available at: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/idsc/iasr/38/450.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2021.
-
7.
Kobayashi D, Komatsu N, Faizah AN, Amoa-Bosompem M, Sawabe K, Isawa H , 2021. A novel nyavirus lacking matrix and glycoprotein genes from Argas japonicus ticks. Virus Res 292: 198254.
-
8.
Kuwata R et al.2020. Distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016–2018. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 125–128.
-
9.
Kuwata R, Isawa H, Hoshino K, Tsuda Y, Yanase T, Sasaki T, Kobayashi M, Sawabe K , 2011. RNA splicing in a new rhabdovirus from Culex mosquitoes. J Virol 85: 6185–6196.
-
10.
Kent RJ , 2009. Molecular methods for arthropod bloodmeal identification and applications to ecological and vector‐borne disease studies. Mol Ecol Resour 9: 4–18.
-
11.
Kuno G, Chang GJJ , 2005. Biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 608–637.
-
12.
Kuno G , 2007. Host range specificity of flaviviruses: correlation with in vitro replication. J Med Entomol 44: 93–101.
-
13.
Lawrie CH, Uzcátegui NY, Gould EA, Nuttall PA , 2004. Ixodid and argasid tick species and West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 653–657.
-
14.
Rosen L , 1987. Overwintering mechanisms of mosquito-borne arboviruses in temperate climates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37: 69S–76S.
-
15.
Takada N, Fujita H, Takahashi M, Natsuaki M , 2019. Key to species of mature ticks and specific descriptions. Takada N, ed. Medical Acarology in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Hokuryukan, 118–147.
-
16.
Hamano M, Lim CK, Takagi H, Sawabe K, Kuwayama M, Kishi N, Kurane I, Takasaki T , 2007. Detection of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in the wild boars in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan. Epidemiol Infect 135: 974–977.
-
17.
Shiraishi S , 2011. Field collections of mosquito larvae in 2009 and 2010 in Ehime Prefecture, western Japan. Jap J Sanit Zool 62: 109–116.
-
18.
Tamashiro M, Toma T, Mannen K, Higa Y, Miyagi I , 2011. Bloodmeal identification and feeding habits of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected at five islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Jap J Sanit Zool 62: 53–70.
-
19.
Chae JB, Kang JG, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Shin NS, Chae JS , 2017. Identification of tick species collected from wild boars and habitats of wild boars and domestic pigs in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 55: 185–191.
-
20.
Yano Y, Shiraishi S, Uchida TA , 1987. Effects of temperature on development and growth in the tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Exp Appl Acarol 3: 73–78.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5715 | 1468 | 70 |
| Full Text Views | 336 | 174 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 183 | 40 | 0 |