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-
1.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
2.
Vahey GM, Mathis S, Martin SW, Gould CV, Staples JE, Lindsey NP, 2021. West Nile virus and other domestic nationally notifiable arboviral diseases - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70: 1069–1074.
-
3.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
4.
Murray KO, Garcia MN, Yan C, Gorchakov R, 2013. Persistence of detectable immunoglobulin M antibodies up to 8 years after infection with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 996–1000.
-
5.
Papa A, Anastasiadou A, Delianidou M, 2015. West Nile virus IgM and IgG antibodies three years post-infection. Hippokratia 19: 34–36.
-
6.
Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, 2003. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 376–379.
-
7.
Janusz KB, Lehman JA, Panella AJ, Fischer M, Staples E, 2011. Laboratory testing practices for West Nile virus in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 597–599.
-
8.
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2006. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1234–1240.
-
9.
Sejvar JJ, Curns AT, Welburg L, Jones JF, Lundgren LM, Capuron L, Pape J, Reeves WC, Campbel GL, 2008. Neurocognitive and functional outcomes in persons recovering from West Nile virus illness. J Neuropsychol 2: 477–499.
-
10.
Martin DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Allen B, 2002. Use of immunoglobulin M crossreactions in differential diagnosis of human flaviviral encephalitis infections in the United States. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 544–549.
-
11.
Hogrefe WR, Moore R, Lape-Nixon M, Wagner M, Prince HE, 2004. Performance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using a West Nile virus recombinant antigen (preM/E) for detection of West Nile virus- and other flavivirus-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4641–4648.
-
12.
Johnson AJ, Noga AJ, Kosoy O, Lanciotti RS, Johnson AA, Biggerstaff BJ, 2005. Duplex microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 566–574.
-
13.
Prince HE, Tobler LH, Yeh C, Gefter N, Custer B, Busch MP, 2007. Persistence of West Nile virus-specific antibodies in viremic blood donors. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1228–1230.
-
14.
Prince HE, Tobler LH, Lapé-Nixon M, Foster GA, Stramer SL, Busch MP, 2005. Development and persistence of West Nile virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG in viremic blood donors. J Clin Microbiol 43: 4316–4320.
-
15.
Gibney KB, Edupuganti S, Panella AJ, Kosoy OI, Delorey MJ, Lanciotti RS, Mulligan MJ, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Detection of anti-yellow fever virus immunoglobulin M antibodies at 3–4 years following yellow fever vaccination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1112–1115.
-
16.
Edelman R, Schneider RJ, Vejjajiva A, Pornpibul R, Voodhikul P, 1976. Persistence of virus-specific IgM and clinical recovery after Japanese encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 733–738.
-
17.
Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Mamani-Matsuda M, Autran B, Tolou H, Receveur MC, Pistone T, Rambert J, Moynet D, Mossalayi D, 2009. Destructive arthritis in a patient with chikungunya virus infection with persistent specific IgM antibodies. BMC Infect Dis 9: 200.
-
18.
Kuno G, 2001. Persistence of arboviruses and antiviral antibodies in vertebrate hosts: its occurrence and impacts. Rev Med Virol 11: 165–190.
-
19.
Griffin I, Martin SW, Fischer M, Chambers TV, Kosoy O, Falise A, Ponomareva O, Gillis LD, Blackmore C, Jean R, 2019. Zika virus IgM detection and neutralizing antibody profiles 12–19 months after illness onset. Emerg Infect Dis 25: 299–303.
-
20.
Appler KK, Brown AN, Stewart BS, Behr MJ, Demarest VL, Wong SJ, Bernard KA, 2010. Persistence of West Nile virus in the central nervous system and periphery of mice. PLoS One 55: e10649.
-
21.
McAdam AJ, Farkash EA, Gewurz BE, Sharpe AH, 2000. B7 costimulation is critical for antibody class switching and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte generation in the host response to vesicular stomatitis virus. J Virol 74: 203–208.
-
22.
Fuse S, Obar JJ, Bellfy S, Leung E, Zhang W, Usherwood EJ, 2006. CD80 and CD86 control antiviral CD8+ T-cell function and immune surveillance of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. J Virol 80: 9159–9170.
-
23.
Levett PN, Sonnenberg K, Sidaway F, Shead S, Niedrig M, Steinhagen K, Horsman GB, Drebot MA, 2005. Use of immunoglobulin G avidity assays for differentiation of primary from previous infections with West Nile virus. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5873–5875.
-
24.
Roberson JA, Crill WD, Chang GJ, 2007. Differentiation of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections by use of noninfectious virus-like particles with reduced cross-reactivity. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3167–3174.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3574 | 1008 | 67 |
| Full Text Views | 184 | 18 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 162 | 20 | 3 |
Duration of West Nile Virus IgM Antibodies up to 81 Months Following West Nile Virus Disease Onset
J. Erin Staples
J. Erin Staples
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Katherine B. Gibney
Katherine B. Gibney
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Amanda J. Panella
Amanda J. Panella
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Harry E. Prince
Harry E. Prince
Quest Diagnostics Infectious Disease, Inc., San Juan Capistrano, California;
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Alison J. Basile
Alison J. Basile
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Janeen Laven
Janeen Laven
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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James J. Sejvar
James J. Sejvar
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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ABSTRACT.
West Nile virus (WNV) IgM antibodies typically indicate a recent infection. However, WNV IgM antibodies can remain detectable for months to years following illness onset. We found that 23% (11/47) of samples tested with a WNV ELISA and 43% (20/47) of samples tested with WNV microsphere immunoassay (MIA) at 16–19 months following WNV illness onset were positive for IgM antibodies. The proportion of samples testing positive for WNV IgM by ELISA decreased over time, but 5% (2/44) of individuals remained positive at 60–63 months after their acute illness and 4% (2/50) were WNV IgM equivocal at 72–81 months. Testing by MIA showed the same general trend of decreased proportion positive over time though the rates of positivity were higher at most time points compared with the ELISA, including 6% (3/50) of participant’s samples identified as IgM positive by MIA at 72–81 months post their acute illness. With the MIA, there also was a high proportion of samples with nonspecific results at each time point; average of 23% across all time points. Clinicians and public health officials should consider these findings along with clinical and epidemiologic data when interpreting WNV IgM antibody test results.
Author Notes
Disclosure: H. Prince was a full-time employee of Focus Diagnostics, a commercial provider of West Nile virus diagnostic tests, at the time this testing was conducted.
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions of this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors’ addresses: J. Erin Staples, Amanda J. Panella, Alison J. Basile, and Janeen Laven, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: auv1@cdc.gov, ahf6@cdc.gov, ajj1@cdc.gov, and blu8@cdc.gov, Katherine B. Gibney, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, and Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, CDC, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: katherine.gibney@unimelb.edu.au. Harry E. Prince, Quest Diagnostics Infectious Disease, Inc., San Juan Capistrano, CA, E-mail: harry.e.prince@questdiagnostics.com. James J. Sejvar, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: zea3@cdc.gov. Marc Fischer, Arctic Investigation Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, E-mail: mxf2@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
2.
Vahey GM, Mathis S, Martin SW, Gould CV, Staples JE, Lindsey NP, 2021. West Nile virus and other domestic nationally notifiable arboviral diseases - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70: 1069–1074.
-
3.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
4.
Murray KO, Garcia MN, Yan C, Gorchakov R, 2013. Persistence of detectable immunoglobulin M antibodies up to 8 years after infection with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 996–1000.
-
5.
Papa A, Anastasiadou A, Delianidou M, 2015. West Nile virus IgM and IgG antibodies three years post-infection. Hippokratia 19: 34–36.
-
6.
Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, Labowitz A, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, 2003. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 376–379.
-
7.
Janusz KB, Lehman JA, Panella AJ, Fischer M, Staples E, 2011. Laboratory testing practices for West Nile virus in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 597–599.
-
8.
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2006. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1234–1240.
-
9.
Sejvar JJ, Curns AT, Welburg L, Jones JF, Lundgren LM, Capuron L, Pape J, Reeves WC, Campbel GL, 2008. Neurocognitive and functional outcomes in persons recovering from West Nile virus illness. J Neuropsychol 2: 477–499.
-
10.
Martin DA, Biggerstaff BJ, Allen B, 2002. Use of immunoglobulin M crossreactions in differential diagnosis of human flaviviral encephalitis infections in the United States. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 544–549.
-
11.
Hogrefe WR, Moore R, Lape-Nixon M, Wagner M, Prince HE, 2004. Performance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using a West Nile virus recombinant antigen (preM/E) for detection of West Nile virus- and other flavivirus-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4641–4648.
-
12.
Johnson AJ, Noga AJ, Kosoy O, Lanciotti RS, Johnson AA, Biggerstaff BJ, 2005. Duplex microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: 566–574.
-
13.
Prince HE, Tobler LH, Yeh C, Gefter N, Custer B, Busch MP, 2007. Persistence of West Nile virus-specific antibodies in viremic blood donors. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1228–1230.
-
14.
Prince HE, Tobler LH, Lapé-Nixon M, Foster GA, Stramer SL, Busch MP, 2005. Development and persistence of West Nile virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG in viremic blood donors. J Clin Microbiol 43: 4316–4320.
-
15.
Gibney KB, Edupuganti S, Panella AJ, Kosoy OI, Delorey MJ, Lanciotti RS, Mulligan MJ, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Detection of anti-yellow fever virus immunoglobulin M antibodies at 3–4 years following yellow fever vaccination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1112–1115.
-
16.
Edelman R, Schneider RJ, Vejjajiva A, Pornpibul R, Voodhikul P, 1976. Persistence of virus-specific IgM and clinical recovery after Japanese encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 733–738.
-
17.
Malvy D, Ezzedine K, Mamani-Matsuda M, Autran B, Tolou H, Receveur MC, Pistone T, Rambert J, Moynet D, Mossalayi D, 2009. Destructive arthritis in a patient with chikungunya virus infection with persistent specific IgM antibodies. BMC Infect Dis 9: 200.
-
18.
Kuno G, 2001. Persistence of arboviruses and antiviral antibodies in vertebrate hosts: its occurrence and impacts. Rev Med Virol 11: 165–190.
-
19.
Griffin I, Martin SW, Fischer M, Chambers TV, Kosoy O, Falise A, Ponomareva O, Gillis LD, Blackmore C, Jean R, 2019. Zika virus IgM detection and neutralizing antibody profiles 12–19 months after illness onset. Emerg Infect Dis 25: 299–303.
-
20.
Appler KK, Brown AN, Stewart BS, Behr MJ, Demarest VL, Wong SJ, Bernard KA, 2010. Persistence of West Nile virus in the central nervous system and periphery of mice. PLoS One 55: e10649.
-
21.
McAdam AJ, Farkash EA, Gewurz BE, Sharpe AH, 2000. B7 costimulation is critical for antibody class switching and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte generation in the host response to vesicular stomatitis virus. J Virol 74: 203–208.
-
22.
Fuse S, Obar JJ, Bellfy S, Leung E, Zhang W, Usherwood EJ, 2006. CD80 and CD86 control antiviral CD8+ T-cell function and immune surveillance of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. J Virol 80: 9159–9170.
-
23.
Levett PN, Sonnenberg K, Sidaway F, Shead S, Niedrig M, Steinhagen K, Horsman GB, Drebot MA, 2005. Use of immunoglobulin G avidity assays for differentiation of primary from previous infections with West Nile virus. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5873–5875.
-
24.
Roberson JA, Crill WD, Chang GJ, 2007. Differentiation of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections by use of noninfectious virus-like particles with reduced cross-reactivity. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3167–3174.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3574 | 1008 | 67 |
| Full Text Views | 184 | 18 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 162 | 20 | 3 |