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1.
World Health Organization , 2021. World Malaria Report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
-
2.
Mahon BE et al., 2021. Baseline asymptomatic malaria infection and immunogenicity of rVSVDeltaG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine: The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola (STRIVE). J Infect Dis 224: 1907–1915.
-
3.
Samai M et al., 2018. The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola: an evaluation of rVSVG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine tolerability and safety during the West Africa Ebola outbreak. J Infect Dis 217: S6–S15.
-
4.
Williamson WA, Greenwood BM, 1978. Impairment of the immune response to vaccination after acute malaria. Lancet 1: 1328–1329.
-
5.
Zimmermann P, Curtis N, 2019. Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Rev 32: 1–50.
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6.
World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme , 2020. World Malaria Report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
-
7.
World Health Organziation , 2018. WHO Malaria Country Profile: Sierra Leone 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
8.
Poti KE, Sullivan DJ, Dondorp AM, Woodrow CJ, 2020. HRP2: transforming malaria diagnosis, but with caveats. Trends Parasitol 36: 112–126.
-
9.
World Health Organization , 2019. Response Plan to pfhrp2 Gene Deletions. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
10.
Snounou G, 1996. Detection and identification of the four malaria parasite species infecting humans by PCR amplification. Methods Mol Biol 50: 263–291.
-
11.
Lucchi NW, Narayanan J, Karell MA, Xayavong M, Kariuki S, DaSilva AJ, Hill V, Udhayakumar V, 2013. Molecular diagnosis of malaria by photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers: PET-PCR. PLoS One 8: e56677.
-
12.
McCaffery JN, Nace D, Herman C, Singh B, Sompwe EM, Nkoli PM, Ngoyi DM, Kahunu GM, Halsey ES, Rogier E, 2021. Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions among patients in the DRC enrolled from 2017 to 2018. Sci Rep 11: 22979.
-
13.
Jones S, Subramaniam G, Plucinski MM, Patel D, Padilla J, Aidoo M, Talundzic E, 2020. One-step PCR: a novel protocol for determination of pfhrp2 deletion status in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 15: e0236369.
-
14.
Rogier E et al., 2017. Bead-based immunoassay allows sub-picogram detection of histidine-rich protein 2 from Plasmodium falciparum and estimates reliability of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One 12: e0172139.
-
15.
Tjitra E, Suprianto S, McBroom J, Currie BJ, Anstey NM, 2001. Persistent ICT malaria P.f/P.v panmalarial and HRP2 antigen reactivity after treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with gametocytemia and results in false-positive diagnoses of Plasmodium vivax in convalescence. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1025–1031.
-
16.
Gerstl S, Dunkley S, Mukhtar A, De Smet M, Baker S, Maikere J, 2010. Assessment of two malaria rapid diagnostic tests in children under five years of age, with follow-up of false-positive pLDH test results, in a hyperendemic falciparum malaria area, Sierra Leone. Malar J 9: 28.
-
17.
King M et al., 2021. No evidence of false-negative Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic results in Monrovia, Liberia. Malar J 20: 238.
-
18.
White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Hien TT, Faiz MA, Mokuolu OA, Dondorp AM, 2014. Malaria. Lancet 383: 723–735.
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19.
Plucinski MM et al., 2018. Screening for pfhrp2/3-deleted Plasmodium falciparum, non-falciparum, and low-density malaria infections by a multiplex antigen assay. J Infect Dis 219: 437–447.
-
20.
Bharti PK, Chandel HS, Ahmad A, Krishna S, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, 2016. Prevalence of pfhrp2 and/or pfhrp3 gene deletion in Plasmodium falciparum population in eight highly endemic states in India. PLoS One 11: e0157949.
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National Malaria Control Programme Sierra Leone , 2016. The 2016 Sierra Leone Malaria Indicator Survey: The Demographic and Health Surveys Program. Washington, DC: USAID.
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U.S. President's Malaria Initiative , 2022. Sierra Leone Malaria Operational Plan FY 2022: U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative. Atlanta, GA: U.S. President's Malaria Initiative.
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Low Prevalence of Deletions of the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Genes in Plasmodium falciparum Parasites in Freetown, Sierra Leone in 2015
Jessica N. McCaffery
Jessica N. McCaffery
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;
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Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;
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Curtis S. Huber
Curtis S. Huber
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Hindolo M. Samai
Hindolo M. Samai
College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Eric Rogier
Eric Rogier
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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ABSTRACT.
Sierra Leone relies heavily on histidine-rich protein 2–based diagnostics for malaria because of the high transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. During the 2015 recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)−Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) vaccine trial, 77 participants with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection were enrolled, with all but four having P. falciparum malaria. Of the 73 participants with P. falciparum malaria, one infection (1 of 73, 1.4%; 95% CI, 0.03–7.4) showed P. falciparum with a pfhrp3 single deletion, and two P. falciparum infections (2 of 73, 2.7%; 95% CI, 0.03–9.6) showed pfhrp2/pfhrp3 dual deletions. This study shows evidence of pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-deleted parasites in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Additional studies for more precise estimates of prevalence are warranted.
Author Notes
Financial support: The STRIVE study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the NIH, with additional support from the CDC Foundation. The STRIVE immunogenicity sub-study was supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (contracts HHSO10201500002C, HHSO10201600031C, and HHSO10201700012C) and by the U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (contract HDTRA1-15-C-0058). This research was also supported in part by appointments through the Research Participation Program at the CDC administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and the CDC.
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC.
Authors’ addresses: Jessica N. McCaffery, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, and Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, E-mail: jmccaffery@cdc.gov. Curtis S. Huber and Eric Rogier, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: chuber22@comcast.net and erogier@cdc.gov. Hindolo M. Samai, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone, E-mail: dhmsamai@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2021. World Malaria Report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
-
2.
Mahon BE et al., 2021. Baseline asymptomatic malaria infection and immunogenicity of rVSVDeltaG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine: The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola (STRIVE). J Infect Dis 224: 1907–1915.
-
3.
Samai M et al., 2018. The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola: an evaluation of rVSVG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine tolerability and safety during the West Africa Ebola outbreak. J Infect Dis 217: S6–S15.
-
4.
Williamson WA, Greenwood BM, 1978. Impairment of the immune response to vaccination after acute malaria. Lancet 1: 1328–1329.
-
5.
Zimmermann P, Curtis N, 2019. Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Rev 32: 1–50.
-
6.
World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme , 2020. World Malaria Report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
-
7.
World Health Organziation , 2018. WHO Malaria Country Profile: Sierra Leone 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
8.
Poti KE, Sullivan DJ, Dondorp AM, Woodrow CJ, 2020. HRP2: transforming malaria diagnosis, but with caveats. Trends Parasitol 36: 112–126.
-
9.
World Health Organization , 2019. Response Plan to pfhrp2 Gene Deletions. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
10.
Snounou G, 1996. Detection and identification of the four malaria parasite species infecting humans by PCR amplification. Methods Mol Biol 50: 263–291.
-
11.
Lucchi NW, Narayanan J, Karell MA, Xayavong M, Kariuki S, DaSilva AJ, Hill V, Udhayakumar V, 2013. Molecular diagnosis of malaria by photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers: PET-PCR. PLoS One 8: e56677.
-
12.
McCaffery JN, Nace D, Herman C, Singh B, Sompwe EM, Nkoli PM, Ngoyi DM, Kahunu GM, Halsey ES, Rogier E, 2021. Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions among patients in the DRC enrolled from 2017 to 2018. Sci Rep 11: 22979.
-
13.
Jones S, Subramaniam G, Plucinski MM, Patel D, Padilla J, Aidoo M, Talundzic E, 2020. One-step PCR: a novel protocol for determination of pfhrp2 deletion status in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 15: e0236369.
-
14.
Rogier E et al., 2017. Bead-based immunoassay allows sub-picogram detection of histidine-rich protein 2 from Plasmodium falciparum and estimates reliability of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One 12: e0172139.
-
15.
Tjitra E, Suprianto S, McBroom J, Currie BJ, Anstey NM, 2001. Persistent ICT malaria P.f/P.v panmalarial and HRP2 antigen reactivity after treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with gametocytemia and results in false-positive diagnoses of Plasmodium vivax in convalescence. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1025–1031.
-
16.
Gerstl S, Dunkley S, Mukhtar A, De Smet M, Baker S, Maikere J, 2010. Assessment of two malaria rapid diagnostic tests in children under five years of age, with follow-up of false-positive pLDH test results, in a hyperendemic falciparum malaria area, Sierra Leone. Malar J 9: 28.
-
17.
King M et al., 2021. No evidence of false-negative Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic results in Monrovia, Liberia. Malar J 20: 238.
-
18.
White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Hien TT, Faiz MA, Mokuolu OA, Dondorp AM, 2014. Malaria. Lancet 383: 723–735.
-
19.
Plucinski MM et al., 2018. Screening for pfhrp2/3-deleted Plasmodium falciparum, non-falciparum, and low-density malaria infections by a multiplex antigen assay. J Infect Dis 219: 437–447.
-
20.
Bharti PK, Chandel HS, Ahmad A, Krishna S, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, 2016. Prevalence of pfhrp2 and/or pfhrp3 gene deletion in Plasmodium falciparum population in eight highly endemic states in India. PLoS One 11: e0157949.
-
21.
National Malaria Control Programme Sierra Leone , 2016. The 2016 Sierra Leone Malaria Indicator Survey: The Demographic and Health Surveys Program. Washington, DC: USAID.
-
22.
U.S. President's Malaria Initiative , 2022. Sierra Leone Malaria Operational Plan FY 2022: U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative. Atlanta, GA: U.S. President's Malaria Initiative.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1831 | 908 | 68 |
| Full Text Views | 298 | 144 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 177 | 18 | 0 |