World Health Organization , 2021. Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Available at: http://www.who.int/chagas/en/. Accessed March 10, 2021.
Chagas C , 1909. Nova tripanozomiaze humana: estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n. gen., n. sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homem. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1: 159–218.
Galvão C , 2020. Taxonomia dos vetores da doença de Chagas da forma à molécula, quase três séculos de história. Oliveira J, Alevi KCC, Camargo LMA, Meneguetti DUO, eds. Atualidades em Medicina Tropical no Brasil: Vetores. Acre, Brasil: Editora Athenas, 9–37.
Alevi KCC et al.2020. Triatoma rosai sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Triatominae): a new species of Argentinian Chagas disease vector described based on integrative taxonomy. Insects 11: 830.
Zhao Y , Galvão C , Cai W , 2021. Rhodnius micki, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Bolivia. ZooKeys 1012: 71–93.
Galvão C , 2014. Vetores da Doença de Chagas no Brasil. Brasil: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia.
Mesquita RD et al.2015. Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 14936–14941.
Borsatto KC , Coronado MA , Arni RK , Alevi KCC , 2021. Omics tools applied to the study of Chagas disease vectors: cytogenomics and genomics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 1973–1977.
Brito T , Julio A , Berni M , de Castro Poncio L , Bernardes ES , Araujo H , Sammeth M , Pane A , 2018. Transcriptomic and functional analyses of the piRNA pathway in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: 1–20.
Coelho VL , de Brito TF , de Abreu Brito IA , Cardoso MA , Berni MA , Araujo HMM , Sammeth M , Pane A , 2021. Analysis of ovarian transcriptomes reveals thousands of novel genes in the insect vector Rhodnius prolixus. Sci Rep 11: 1–17.
Leyria J , Orchard I , Lange AB , 2020. Transcriptomic analysis of regulatory pathways involved in female reproductive physiology of Rhodnius prolixus under different nutritional states. Sci Rep 10: 1–16.
Leyria J , Orchard I , Lange AB , 2020. What happens after a blood meal? A transcriptome analysis of the main tissues involved in egg production in Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008516.
Nevoa JC , Mendes MT , da Silva MV , Soares SC , Oliveira CJ , Ribeiro JM , 2018. An insight into the salivary gland and fat body transcriptome of Panstrongylus lignarius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), the main vector of Chagas disease in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006243.
Latorre-Estivalis JM , Robertson HM , Walden KK , Ruiz J , Gonçalves LO , Guarneri AA , Lorenzo MG , 2017. The molecular sensory machinery of a Chagas disease vector: expression changes through imaginal moult and sexually dimorphic features. Sci Rep 7: 1–16.
Carvalho DB , Congrains C , Chahad-Ehlers S , Pinotti H , De Brito RA , Da Rosa JA , 2017. Differential transcriptome analysis supports Rhodnius montenegrensis and Rhodnius robustus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) as distinct species. PLoS One 12: e0174997.
Brito RN , Geraldo JA , Monteiro FA , Lazoski C , Souza RCM , Abad-Franch F , 2019. Transcriptome-based molecular systematics: Rhodnius montenegrensis (Triatominae) and its position within the Rhodnius prolixus–Rhodnius robustus cryptic–species complex. Parasit Vectors 12: 1–16.
Srivastava A , George J , Karuturi RKM , 2019. Transcriptome analysis. Encyclop Bioinf Comp Biol 3: 792--805.
Ribeiro JMC , Andersen J , Silva-Neto MAC , Pham VM , Garfield MK , Valenzuela JG , 2004. Exploring the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34: 61–79.
Champagne DE , Nussenzveig RH , Ribeiro JM , 1995. Purification, partial characterization, and cloning of nitric oxide-carrying heme proteins (nitrophorins) from salivary glands of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus. J Biol Chem 270: 8691–8695.
Noeske-Jungblut C , Haendler B , Donner P , Alagon A , Possani L , Schleuning WD , 1995. Triabin, a highly potent exosite inhibitor of thrombin. J Biol Chem 270: 28629–28634.
Assumpção TC , Francischetti IM , Andersen JF , Schwarz A , Santana JM , Ribeiro JM , 2008. An insight into the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas’ disease. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 38: 213–232.
Noeske-Jungblut C , Krätzschmar J , Haendler B , Alagon A , Possani L , Verhallen P , Donner P , Schleuning WD , 1994. An inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation from the saliva of Triatoma pallidipennis. J Biol Chem 269: 5050–5053.
Hernández-Vargas MJ , Gil J , Lozano L , Pedraza-Escalona M , Ortiz E , Encarnación-Guevara S , Alagón A , Corzo G , 2017. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of saliva components from the hematophagous reduviid Triatoma pallidipennis. J Proteomics 162: 30–39.
Paddock CD , McKerrow JH , Hansell E , Foreman KW , Hsieh I , Marshall N , 2001. Identification, cloning, and recombinant expression of procalin, a major triatomine allergen. J Immunol 167: 2694–2699.
Santos A , Ribeiro JMC , Lehane MJ , Gontijo NF , Veloso AB , Sant’Anna MR , Araujo RN , Grisard EC , Pereira HM , 2007. The sialotranscriptome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Triatominae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 37: 702–712.
Kato H , Jochim RC , Gomez EA , Sakoda R , Iwata H , Valenzuela JG , Hashiguchi Y , 2010. A repertoire of the dominant transcripts from the salivary glands of the blood-sucking bug, Triatoma dimidiata, a vector of Chagas disease. Infect Genet Evol 10: 184–191.
Bussacos AC , Nakayasu ES , Hecht MM , Parente JA , Soares CM , Teixeira AR , Almeida IC , 2011. Diversity of anti-haemostatic proteins in the salivary glands of Rhodnius species transmitters of Chagas disease in the greater Amazon. J Proteomics 74: 1664–1672.
Bussacos AC , Nakayasu ES , Hecht MM , Assumpção TC , Parente JA , Soares CM , Santana JM , Almeida IC , Teixeira AR , 2011. Redundancy of proteins in the salivary glands of Panstrongylus megistus secures prolonged procurement for blood meals. J Proteomics 74: 1693–1700 8.
Assumpçao TC , Eaton DP , Pham VM , Francischetti IM , Aoki V , Hans-Filho G , Rivitti EA , Valenzuela JG , Diaz LA , Ribeiro JM , 2012. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma matogrossensis, a kissing bug associated with Fogo selvagem in South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 1005–1014.
Ribeiro JM , Assumpção TC , Van Pham M , Francischetti IM , Reisenman CE , 2012. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma rubida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). J Med Entomol 49: 563–572.
Schwarz A , Medrano-Mercado N , Schaub GA , Struchiner CJ , Bargues MD , Levy MZ , Ribeiro JM , 2014. An updated insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma infestans: developmental stage and geographic variations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3372.
Ribeiro JM , Schwarz A , Francischetti IM , 2015. A deep insight into the sialotranscriptome of the Chagas disease vector, Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). J Med Entomol 52: 351–358.
Santiago PB et al.2016. A deep insight into the sialome of Rhodnius neglectus, a vector of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004581.
Kato H , Jochim RC , Gomez EA , Tsunekawa S , Valenzuela JG , Hashiguchi Y , 2017. Salivary gland transcripts of the kissing bug, Panstrongylus chinai, a vector of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 174: 122–129.
Santiago PB et al.2018. Exploring the molecular complexity of Triatoma dimidiata sialome. J Proteomics 174: 47–60.
Assumpção TC et al.2011. Insight into the salivary transcriptome and proteome of Dipetalogaster maxima. J Proteome Res 10: 669–679.
Amino R , Tanaka AS , Schenkman S , 2001. Triapsin, an unusual activatable serine protease from the saliva of the hematophagous vector of Chagas’ disease Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31: 465–472.
Faudry E , Lozzi SP , Santana JM , D’Souza-Ault M , Kieffer S , Felix CR , Ricart CAO , Sousa MV , Vernet T , Teixeira ARL , 2004. Triatoma infestans apyrases belong to the 5'-nucleotidase family. J Biol Chem 279: 19607–19613.
Martins RM , Amino R , Daghastanli KR , Cuccovia IM , Juliano MA , Schenkman S , 2008. A short proregion of trialysin, a pore‐forming protein of Triatoma infestans salivary glands, controls activity by folding the N‐terminal lytic motif. FEBS J 275: 994–1002.
Martínez-Barnetche J , Lavore A , Beliera M , Téllez-Sosa J , Zumaya-Estrada FA , Palacio V , Godoy-Lozano E , Rivera-Pomar R , Rodríguez MH , 2018. Adaptations in energy metabolism and gene family expansions revealed by comparative transcriptomics of three Chagas disease triatomine vectors. BMC Genomics 19: 1–23.
Breugelmans B , Simonet G , van Hoef V , Van Soest S , Vanden Broeck J , 2009. Pacifastin-related peptides: structural and functional characteristics of a family of serine peptidase inhibitors. Peptides 30: 622–632.
Turk V , Stoka V , Turk D , 2008. Cystatins: biochemical and structural properties, and medical relevance. Front Biosci 13: 5406–5420.
Kotsyfakis M , Sá-Nunes A , Francischetti IMB , Mather TN , Andersen JF , Ribeiro JMC , 2006. Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of sialostatin L, a salivary cystatin from the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Biol Chem 281: 26298–26307.
Kotsyfakis M , Karim S , Andersen JF , Mather TN , Ribeiro JMC , 2007. Selective cysteine protease inhibition contributes to blood-feeding success of the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Biol Chem 282: 29256–29263.
Panzera F et al.2007. Genome size determination in Chagas disease transmitting bugs (Hemiptera–Triatominae) by flow cytometry. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 516–521.
Ribeiro JMC et al.2014. An insight into the transcriptome of the digestive tract of the bloodsucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2594.
Defferrari MS , Da Silva SR , Orchard I , Lange AB , 2018. A Rhodnius prolixus insulin receptor and its conserved intracellular signaling pathway and regulation of metabolism. Front Endocrinol 9: 745.
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Chagas disease is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and is transmitted mainly by the feces of contaminated triatomines. Knowledge of the biological, ecological, behavioral, genetic, taxonomic, and systematic aspects of these vectors can contribute to the planning of vector control programs, because all species are considered to be potential vectors of Chagas disease. Transcriptomic studies, in general, provided a new view of the physiology of triatomines (aiding in the knowledge of reproductive aspects of the hematophagy process and even the immune system and the sensory apparatus) and even contributed, as a new tool, to the taxonomy and systematics of these insects. Thus, we conducted a review of the transcriptomic studies on Chagas disease vectors.
Financial support: This work was financed by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (process no. 2018/25458-3), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brazil (finance code 001, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.
Authors’ addresses: Kelly Cristine Borsatto and Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni, Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho,” Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, E-mails: kellyborsatto@gmail.com and raghuvir.arni@unesp.br. Monika Aparecida Coronado, Institute of Biologic Information Processing (IB-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany, E-mail: monikacoronado@gmail.com. Cleber Galvão, Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mail: clebergalvao@gmail.com. Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho,” Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, Brazil, E-mail: kaiochaboli@hotmail.com.
World Health Organization , 2021. Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Available at: http://www.who.int/chagas/en/. Accessed March 10, 2021.
Chagas C , 1909. Nova tripanozomiaze humana: estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n. gen., n. sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homem. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1: 159–218.
Galvão C , 2020. Taxonomia dos vetores da doença de Chagas da forma à molécula, quase três séculos de história. Oliveira J, Alevi KCC, Camargo LMA, Meneguetti DUO, eds. Atualidades em Medicina Tropical no Brasil: Vetores. Acre, Brasil: Editora Athenas, 9–37.
Alevi KCC et al.2020. Triatoma rosai sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Triatominae): a new species of Argentinian Chagas disease vector described based on integrative taxonomy. Insects 11: 830.
Zhao Y , Galvão C , Cai W , 2021. Rhodnius micki, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from Bolivia. ZooKeys 1012: 71–93.
Galvão C , 2014. Vetores da Doença de Chagas no Brasil. Brasil: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia.
Mesquita RD et al.2015. Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 14936–14941.
Borsatto KC , Coronado MA , Arni RK , Alevi KCC , 2021. Omics tools applied to the study of Chagas disease vectors: cytogenomics and genomics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 1973–1977.
Brito T , Julio A , Berni M , de Castro Poncio L , Bernardes ES , Araujo H , Sammeth M , Pane A , 2018. Transcriptomic and functional analyses of the piRNA pathway in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: 1–20.
Coelho VL , de Brito TF , de Abreu Brito IA , Cardoso MA , Berni MA , Araujo HMM , Sammeth M , Pane A , 2021. Analysis of ovarian transcriptomes reveals thousands of novel genes in the insect vector Rhodnius prolixus. Sci Rep 11: 1–17.
Leyria J , Orchard I , Lange AB , 2020. Transcriptomic analysis of regulatory pathways involved in female reproductive physiology of Rhodnius prolixus under different nutritional states. Sci Rep 10: 1–16.
Leyria J , Orchard I , Lange AB , 2020. What happens after a blood meal? A transcriptome analysis of the main tissues involved in egg production in Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008516.
Nevoa JC , Mendes MT , da Silva MV , Soares SC , Oliveira CJ , Ribeiro JM , 2018. An insight into the salivary gland and fat body transcriptome of Panstrongylus lignarius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), the main vector of Chagas disease in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006243.
Latorre-Estivalis JM , Robertson HM , Walden KK , Ruiz J , Gonçalves LO , Guarneri AA , Lorenzo MG , 2017. The molecular sensory machinery of a Chagas disease vector: expression changes through imaginal moult and sexually dimorphic features. Sci Rep 7: 1–16.
Carvalho DB , Congrains C , Chahad-Ehlers S , Pinotti H , De Brito RA , Da Rosa JA , 2017. Differential transcriptome analysis supports Rhodnius montenegrensis and Rhodnius robustus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) as distinct species. PLoS One 12: e0174997.
Brito RN , Geraldo JA , Monteiro FA , Lazoski C , Souza RCM , Abad-Franch F , 2019. Transcriptome-based molecular systematics: Rhodnius montenegrensis (Triatominae) and its position within the Rhodnius prolixus–Rhodnius robustus cryptic–species complex. Parasit Vectors 12: 1–16.
Srivastava A , George J , Karuturi RKM , 2019. Transcriptome analysis. Encyclop Bioinf Comp Biol 3: 792--805.
Ribeiro JMC , Andersen J , Silva-Neto MAC , Pham VM , Garfield MK , Valenzuela JG , 2004. Exploring the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34: 61–79.
Champagne DE , Nussenzveig RH , Ribeiro JM , 1995. Purification, partial characterization, and cloning of nitric oxide-carrying heme proteins (nitrophorins) from salivary glands of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus. J Biol Chem 270: 8691–8695.
Noeske-Jungblut C , Haendler B , Donner P , Alagon A , Possani L , Schleuning WD , 1995. Triabin, a highly potent exosite inhibitor of thrombin. J Biol Chem 270: 28629–28634.
Assumpção TC , Francischetti IM , Andersen JF , Schwarz A , Santana JM , Ribeiro JM , 2008. An insight into the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas’ disease. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 38: 213–232.
Noeske-Jungblut C , Krätzschmar J , Haendler B , Alagon A , Possani L , Verhallen P , Donner P , Schleuning WD , 1994. An inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation from the saliva of Triatoma pallidipennis. J Biol Chem 269: 5050–5053.
Hernández-Vargas MJ , Gil J , Lozano L , Pedraza-Escalona M , Ortiz E , Encarnación-Guevara S , Alagón A , Corzo G , 2017. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of saliva components from the hematophagous reduviid Triatoma pallidipennis. J Proteomics 162: 30–39.
Paddock CD , McKerrow JH , Hansell E , Foreman KW , Hsieh I , Marshall N , 2001. Identification, cloning, and recombinant expression of procalin, a major triatomine allergen. J Immunol 167: 2694–2699.
Santos A , Ribeiro JMC , Lehane MJ , Gontijo NF , Veloso AB , Sant’Anna MR , Araujo RN , Grisard EC , Pereira HM , 2007. The sialotranscriptome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Triatominae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 37: 702–712.
Kato H , Jochim RC , Gomez EA , Sakoda R , Iwata H , Valenzuela JG , Hashiguchi Y , 2010. A repertoire of the dominant transcripts from the salivary glands of the blood-sucking bug, Triatoma dimidiata, a vector of Chagas disease. Infect Genet Evol 10: 184–191.
Bussacos AC , Nakayasu ES , Hecht MM , Parente JA , Soares CM , Teixeira AR , Almeida IC , 2011. Diversity of anti-haemostatic proteins in the salivary glands of Rhodnius species transmitters of Chagas disease in the greater Amazon. J Proteomics 74: 1664–1672.
Bussacos AC , Nakayasu ES , Hecht MM , Assumpção TC , Parente JA , Soares CM , Santana JM , Almeida IC , Teixeira AR , 2011. Redundancy of proteins in the salivary glands of Panstrongylus megistus secures prolonged procurement for blood meals. J Proteomics 74: 1693–1700 8.
Assumpçao TC , Eaton DP , Pham VM , Francischetti IM , Aoki V , Hans-Filho G , Rivitti EA , Valenzuela JG , Diaz LA , Ribeiro JM , 2012. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma matogrossensis, a kissing bug associated with Fogo selvagem in South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 1005–1014.
Ribeiro JM , Assumpção TC , Van Pham M , Francischetti IM , Reisenman CE , 2012. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma rubida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). J Med Entomol 49: 563–572.
Schwarz A , Medrano-Mercado N , Schaub GA , Struchiner CJ , Bargues MD , Levy MZ , Ribeiro JM , 2014. An updated insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma infestans: developmental stage and geographic variations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3372.
Ribeiro JM , Schwarz A , Francischetti IM , 2015. A deep insight into the sialotranscriptome of the Chagas disease vector, Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). J Med Entomol 52: 351–358.
Santiago PB et al.2016. A deep insight into the sialome of Rhodnius neglectus, a vector of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004581.
Kato H , Jochim RC , Gomez EA , Tsunekawa S , Valenzuela JG , Hashiguchi Y , 2017. Salivary gland transcripts of the kissing bug, Panstrongylus chinai, a vector of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 174: 122–129.
Santiago PB et al.2018. Exploring the molecular complexity of Triatoma dimidiata sialome. J Proteomics 174: 47–60.
Assumpção TC et al.2011. Insight into the salivary transcriptome and proteome of Dipetalogaster maxima. J Proteome Res 10: 669–679.
Amino R , Tanaka AS , Schenkman S , 2001. Triapsin, an unusual activatable serine protease from the saliva of the hematophagous vector of Chagas’ disease Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31: 465–472.
Faudry E , Lozzi SP , Santana JM , D’Souza-Ault M , Kieffer S , Felix CR , Ricart CAO , Sousa MV , Vernet T , Teixeira ARL , 2004. Triatoma infestans apyrases belong to the 5'-nucleotidase family. J Biol Chem 279: 19607–19613.
Martins RM , Amino R , Daghastanli KR , Cuccovia IM , Juliano MA , Schenkman S , 2008. A short proregion of trialysin, a pore‐forming protein of Triatoma infestans salivary glands, controls activity by folding the N‐terminal lytic motif. FEBS J 275: 994–1002.
Martínez-Barnetche J , Lavore A , Beliera M , Téllez-Sosa J , Zumaya-Estrada FA , Palacio V , Godoy-Lozano E , Rivera-Pomar R , Rodríguez MH , 2018. Adaptations in energy metabolism and gene family expansions revealed by comparative transcriptomics of three Chagas disease triatomine vectors. BMC Genomics 19: 1–23.
Breugelmans B , Simonet G , van Hoef V , Van Soest S , Vanden Broeck J , 2009. Pacifastin-related peptides: structural and functional characteristics of a family of serine peptidase inhibitors. Peptides 30: 622–632.
Turk V , Stoka V , Turk D , 2008. Cystatins: biochemical and structural properties, and medical relevance. Front Biosci 13: 5406–5420.
Kotsyfakis M , Sá-Nunes A , Francischetti IMB , Mather TN , Andersen JF , Ribeiro JMC , 2006. Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of sialostatin L, a salivary cystatin from the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Biol Chem 281: 26298–26307.
Kotsyfakis M , Karim S , Andersen JF , Mather TN , Ribeiro JMC , 2007. Selective cysteine protease inhibition contributes to blood-feeding success of the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Biol Chem 282: 29256–29263.
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