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World Health Organization , 2017. Ten Years in Public Health, 2007–2017: Report by Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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World Health Organization , 2021. World Malaria Report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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Karl S, Freeman T, Katusele M, Moore SJ , 2021. Quality control of long-lasting insecticidal nets: are we neglecting it? Trends Parasitol (formal acceptance date March 5th 2021).
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World Health Organization , 2013. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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Vinit R, Timinao L, Bubun N, Katusele M, Robinson LJ, Kaman P, Sakur M, Makita L, Reimer L, Schofield L , 2020. Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Nat Commun 11: 1–7.
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Villalta EL, Soto Bravo AM, Vizcaino L, Dzuris N, Delgado M, Green M, Smith SC, Lenhart A, Macedo de Oliveira A , 2021. Evaluation of the durability and use of long‐lasting insecticidal nets in Nicaragua. Malar J 20: 106.
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Katusele M, Gideon G, Thomsen EK, Siba PM, Hetzel MW, Reimer LJ , 2014. Long-lasting insecticidal nets remain efficacious after five years of use in Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 57: 86–93.
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Yang J, Erriah B, Hu CT, Reiter E, Zhu X, Lopez-Mejias V, Carmona-Sepulveda IP, Ward MD, Kahr B , 2020. A deltamethrin crystal polymorph for more effective malaria control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117: 26633–26638.
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Gimnig JE, Lindblade KA, Mount DL, Atieli FK, Crawford S, Wolkon A, Hawley WA, Dotson EM , 2005. Laboratory wash resistance of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1022–1029.
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Jaramillo GI, Robledo PC, Mina NJ, Munoz JA, Ocampo CB , 2011. Comparison of the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets PermaNet(R) 2.0 and Olyset(R) against Anopheles albimanus under laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 606–612.
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Effect of Short-Term Heating on Bioefficacy of Deltamethrin-Coated Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets
Nakei Bubun
Nakei Bubun
Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea;
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Timothy W. Freeman
Timothy W. Freeman
Rotarians Against Malaria Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea;
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Moses Laman
Moses Laman
Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea;
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Stephan Karl
Stephan Karl
Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea;
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia
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Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia
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ABSTRACT.
The authors recently reported that long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distributed in Papua New Guinea (PNG) between 2013 and 2019, exhibited severely diminished efficacy to knock down and kill susceptible Anopheles mosquitoes. This coincided with a rise in malaria observed in PNG since 2015. Here, the authors show that LLIN bioefficacy is increased by heating LLINs prior to WHO cone bioassays. Unused LLINs with low bioefficacy, delivered to PNG in 2019, were heated to 120°C for 5 minutes. Cone bioassays were performed before and at 1 hour, 7 days, and 30 days after heating. This led to a significant increase in 24-hour mortality from 17% to 61% and 60-minute knock down from 31% to 72%. The effect was sustained over 30 days. Bioassays are crucial in quality assurance of LLIN products. Our findings indicate that bioefficacy of LLINs can be increased by heating. This may have implications for quality assurance procedures used to assess LLINs.
Author Notes
Financial support: S. K. is supported by an NHMRC Fellowship (GNT 1141441). This study was supported in part by an NHMRC Ideas Grant (GNT 2004390).
Authors’ addresses: Nakei Bubun, Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: kesopbubun2@gmail.com. Timothy W. Freeman, Rotarians Against Malaria Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: rampm@rampng.org. Moses Laman, Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: drmlaman@yahoo.com. Stephan Karl, Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia, stephan.karl@jcu.edu.au.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2017. Ten Years in Public Health, 2007–2017: Report by Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2021. World Malaria Report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Karl S, Freeman T, Katusele M, Moore SJ , 2021. Quality control of long-lasting insecticidal nets: are we neglecting it? Trends Parasitol (formal acceptance date March 5th 2021).
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2013. Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Vinit R, Timinao L, Bubun N, Katusele M, Robinson LJ, Kaman P, Sakur M, Makita L, Reimer L, Schofield L , 2020. Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Nat Commun 11: 1–7.
-
6.
Villalta EL, Soto Bravo AM, Vizcaino L, Dzuris N, Delgado M, Green M, Smith SC, Lenhart A, Macedo de Oliveira A , 2021. Evaluation of the durability and use of long‐lasting insecticidal nets in Nicaragua. Malar J 20: 106.
-
7.
Katusele M, Gideon G, Thomsen EK, Siba PM, Hetzel MW, Reimer LJ , 2014. Long-lasting insecticidal nets remain efficacious after five years of use in Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 57: 86–93.
-
8.
Yang J, Erriah B, Hu CT, Reiter E, Zhu X, Lopez-Mejias V, Carmona-Sepulveda IP, Ward MD, Kahr B , 2020. A deltamethrin crystal polymorph for more effective malaria control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117: 26633–26638.
-
9.
Gimnig JE, Lindblade KA, Mount DL, Atieli FK, Crawford S, Wolkon A, Hawley WA, Dotson EM , 2005. Laboratory wash resistance of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1022–1029.
-
10.
Owusu HF, Müller P , 2016. How important is the angle of tilt in the WHO cone bioassay? Malar J 15: 243.
-
11.
Green MD, Atieli F, Akogbeto M , 2009. Rapid colorimetric field test to determine levels of deltamethrin on PermaNet surfaces: association with mosquito bioactivity. Trop Med Int Health 14: 381–388.
-
12.
Jaramillo GI, Robledo PC, Mina NJ, Munoz JA, Ocampo CB , 2011. Comparison of the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets PermaNet(R) 2.0 and Olyset(R) against Anopheles albimanus under laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 606–612.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 11979 | 3537 | 498 |
| Full Text Views | 252 | 16 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 136 | 20 | 4 |