Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Collaborators GDD , 2018. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 1211–1228.
-
2.
Collaborators GCoD , 2018. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 1736–1788.
-
3.
Collaborators GDD , 2017. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 909–948.
-
4.
Joseph N , Suvarna P , Hariharan Bharadwaj S , Dhanush KS , Raeesa F , Mohamed Jasir KK , Joseph N , Kotian SM , Rai S , 2016. Prevalence, risk factors and treatment practices in diarrhoeal diseases in south India. Environ Health Prev Med 21: 248–257.
-
5.
Ferdous F , Ahmed S , Farzana FD , Das J , Malek MA , Das SK , Salam MA , Faruque AS , 2015. Aetiologies of diarrhoea in adults from urban and rural treatment facilities in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 143: 1377–1387.
-
6.
Faruque AS , Malek MA , Khan AI , Huq S , Salam MA , Sack DA , 2004. Diarrhoea in elderly people: aetiology, and clinical characteristics. Scand J Infect Dis 36: 204–208.
-
7.
Fang ZY , Ye Q , Ho MS , Dong H , Qing S , Penaranda ME , Hung T , Wen L , Glass RI , 1989. Investigation of an outbreak of adult diarrhea rotavirus in China. J Infect Dis 160: 948–953.
-
8.
Guerrant RL , Hughes JM , Lima NL , Crane J , 1990. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies. Rev Infect Dis 12: S41–S50.
-
9.
Kirk MD , Veitch MG , Hall GV , 2010. Gastroenteritis and food-borne disease in elderly people living in long-term care. Clin Infect Dis 50: 397–404.
-
10.
Baqui AH , Yunus MD , Zaman K , Mitra AK , Hossain KM , 1991. Surveillance of patients attending a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh. Trop Geogr Med 43: 17–22.
-
11.
Weil AA , Khan AI , Chowdhury F , Larocque RC , Faruque AS , Ryan ET , Calderwood SB , Qadri F , Harris JB , 2009. Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1473–1479.
-
12.
Nadri J et al.2018. Sensitivity, specificity, and public-health utility of clinical case definitions based on the signs and symptoms of cholera in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1021–1030.
-
13.
Chowdhury F , Khan AI , Harris JB , LaRocque RC , Chowdhury MI , Ryan ET , Faruque AS , Calderwood SB , Qadri F , 2008. A comparison of clinical and immunologic features in children and older patients hospitalized with severe cholera in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27: 986–992.
-
14.
George CM et al.2018. A prospective cohort study comparing household contact and water Vibrio cholerae isolates in households of cholera patients in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006641.
-
15.
Bardhan P , Faruque ASG , Naheed A , Sack DA , 2010. Decrease in shigellosis-related deaths without Shigella spp.-specific interventions, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1718–1723.
-
16.
Okeke IN , Ojo O , Lamikanra A , Kaper JB , 2003. Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 41: 4525–4530.
-
17.
Vesikari T , Isolauri E , Mäki M , 1985. Clinical and laboratory features of Yersinia, Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in children. Klin Padiatr 197: 25–29.
-
18.
Lee CN , Chen CJ , Tang KS , Huang FC , 2015. Avoidance of antibiotic administration to Campylobacter enterocolitis mimicking severe salmonellosis by clinical and laboratory features. J Trop Pediatr 61: 25–31.
-
19.
Lamberti LM , Bourgeois AL , Fischer Walker CL , Black RE , Sack D , 2014. Estimating diarrheal illness and deaths attributable to shigellae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among older children, adolescents, and adults in South Asia and Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2705.
-
20.
Levine AC et al.2021. Derivation of the first clinical diagnostic models for dehydration severity in patients over five years with acute diarrhea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009266.
-
21.
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2018. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard-CLSI Document M02-A11. 13th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
22.
Murray PRBE , Pfaller MA , Tenover FC , Yolken RH , Morgan DR , 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edition. Trends Microbiol 3: 449.
-
23.
Toma C , Lu Y , Higa N , Nakasone N , Chinen I , Baschkier A , Rivas M , Iwanaga M , 2003. Multiplex PCR assay for identification of human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2669–2671.
-
24.
Andrews JR , Leung DT , Ahmed S , Malek MA , Ahmed D , Begum YA , Qadri F , Ahmed T , Faruque ASG , Nelson EJ , 2017. Determinants of severe dehydration from diarrheal disease at hospital presentation: evidence from 22 years of admissions in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005512.
-
25.
Platts-Mills JA et al.2015. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 3: e564–e575.
-
26.
Kotloff KL et al.2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
27.
James WP , Mascie-Taylor GC , Norgan NG , Bistrian BR , Shetty PS , Ferro-Luzzi A , 1994. The value of arm circumference measurements in assessing chronic energy deficiency in Third World adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 48: 883–894.
-
28.
Cashin KOL , 2018. Guide to anthropometry: a practical tool for program planners, managers, and implementers. Food Nutr Tech Assist III Proj (FANTA). FHI 360: 1–231.
-
29.
World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund, 2009. WHO child Growth Standards and the Identification of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants and Children.
-
30.
Fischer Walker CL , Sack D , Black RE , 2010. Etiology of diarrhea in older children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e768.
-
31.
Riaz MM , Patel MJ , Khan MS , Anwar MA , Tariq M , Hilal H , Awan S , Razi S , 2012. Clinical characteristics and predictors of positive stool culture in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis. J Pak Med Assoc 62: 20–24.
-
32.
Sauvageot D et al.2016. Cholera incidence and mortality in sub-saharan African sites during multi-country surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004679.
-
33.
Lee JY , Cho SY , Hwang HSH , Ryu JY , Lee J , Song ID , Kim BJ , Kim JW , Chang SK , Choi CH , 2017. Diagnostic yield of stool culture and predictive factors for positive culture in patients with diarrheal illness. Medicine (Baltimore) 96: e7641.
-
34.
Sambe-Ba B , Espié E , Faye ME , Timbiné LG , Sembene M , Gassama-Sow A , 2013. Community-acquired diarrhea among children and adults in urban settings in Senegal: clinical, epidemiological and microbiological aspects. BMC Infect Dis 13: 580.
-
35.
Harris JB , LaRocque RC , Qadri F , Ryan ET , Calderwood SB , 2012. Cholera. Lancet 379: 2466–2476.
-
36.
Lacey J et al.2019. A multidisciplinary consensus on dehydration: definitions, diagnostic methods and clinical implications. Ann Med 51: 232–251.
-
37.
El-Sharkawy AM , Watson P , Neal KR , Ljungqvist O , Maughan RJ , Sahota O , Lobo DN , 2015. Hydration and outcome in older patients admitted to hospital (The HOOP prospective cohort study). Age Ageing 44: 943–947.
-
38.
Gennari FJ , Weise WJ , 2008. Acid-base disturbances in gastrointestinal disease. CJASN 3: 1861–1868.
-
39.
Clemens JD , Nair GB , Ahmed T , Qadri F , Holmgren J , 2017. Cholera. Lancet 390: 1539–1549.
-
40.
Patwari AK , 1999. Diarrhoea and malnutrition interaction. Indian J Pediatr 66: S124–S134.
-
41.
Burrowes V et al.2017. Risk factors for household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Trial). Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 1382–1387.
-
42.
Harris JB , LaRocque RC , Chowdhury F , Khan AI , Logvinenko T , Faruque AS , Ryan ET , Qadri F , Calderwood SB , 2008. Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e221.
-
43.
Gurpreet K , Tee GH , Amal NM , Paramesarvathy R , Karuthan C , 2011. Incidence and determinants of acute diarrhoea in Malaysia: a population-based study. J Health Popul Nutr 29: 103–112.
-
44.
Chowdhury F et al.2015. Diarrheal illness and healthcare seeking behavior among a population at high risk for diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One 10: e0130105.
-
45.
Ward JL , Viner RM , 2016. Secondary education and health outcomes in young people from the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS). PLoS One 11: e0156883.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5963 | 4378 | 384 |
| Full Text Views | 171 | 21 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 30 | 4 |
Clinical, Sociodemographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Acute Bacterial Diarrhea among Adults and Children over Five Years in Bangladesh
Sabiha Nasrin
Sabiha Nasrin
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Stephanie C. Garbern
Stephanie C. Garbern
Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Monique Gainey
Monique Gainey
Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Samika Kanekar
Samika Kanekar
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Mahmuda Monjory
Mahmuda Monjory
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Dilruba Ahmed
Dilruba Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Kexin Qu
Kexin Qu
Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Tzu-Chun Chu
Tzu-Chun Chu
Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Christopher H. Schmid
Christopher H. Schmid
Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Eric J. Nelson
Eric J. Nelson
Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Tahmeed Ahmed
Tahmeed Ahmed
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Nur H. Alam
Nur H. Alam
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Adam C. Levine
Adam C. Levine
Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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ABSTRACT.
In 2016, diarrheal disease was the eighth leading cause of mortality globally accounting for over 1.6 million deaths with the majority of deaths in adults and children over 5 years. This study aims to investigate the clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental risk factors associated with common bacterial acute diarrhea among adults and children over 5. Data were collected from March 2019 to March 2020 in patients over 5 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis at icddr,b. Stool samples were collected from each patient for culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Bivariate associations between independent variables and stool-testing indicating bacterial etiology were calculated. This analysis included 2,133 diarrheal patients of whom a bacterial enteropathogen was identified in 1,537 (72%). Detection of bacteria was associated with: younger age (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88–0.96), lower mean arterial pressure (OR 0.84; 95% CI: 0.79–0.89), heart rate (OR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10), percentage dehydration (OR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), respiration rate (OR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04–1.46), lower mid-upper arm circumference (OR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99), confused/lethargic mental status (OR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.11–3.25), rice watery stool (OR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.54–2.41), and vomiting more than three times in the past 24 hours (OR 1.30; 95% CI: 1.06–1.58). Higher monthly income (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86–0.98), > 8 years of education (OR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63–1.00), and having more than five people living at home (OR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66–0.98) were associated with lower odds of bacterial diarrhea. These findings may help guide the development of predictive tools to aid in identifying patients with bacterial diarrhea for timely and appropriate use of antibiotics.
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Author Notes
Financial support: Funding was provided through a grant received from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute for Diabetes and Diarrhoeal and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (Federal Identifier: DK116163) (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, or reporting processes. TC is supported by Institutional Development Award Number U54GM115677 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, which funds Advance Clinical and Translational Research (Advance-CTR).
Authors’ addresses: Sabiha Nasrin, Mahmuda Monjory, Dilruba Ahmed, Tahmeed Ahmed, and Nur H. Alam, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: sabiha.nasrin@icddrb.org, monjory_r@yahoo.com, dahmed@icddrb.org, tahmeed@icddrb.org, and nhalam@icddrb.org. Stephanie C. Garbern and Adam C. Levine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, E-mails: stephanie_garbern@brown.edu and adam_levine@brown.edu. Monique Gainey, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, E-mail: gaineym@bu.edu. Samika Kanekar, Brown University, Providence, RI, E-mail: samika_kanekar@brown.edu. Kexin Qu and Christopher H. Schmid, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, E-mails: kexin_qu@brown.edu and christopher_schmid@brown.edu. Tzu-Chun Chu, Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, E-mail: tzu-chun_chu@brown.edu. Eric J. Nelson, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: eric.nelson@ufl.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Collaborators GDD , 2018. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 1211–1228.
-
2.
Collaborators GCoD , 2018. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 1736–1788.
-
3.
Collaborators GDD , 2017. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 17: 909–948.
-
4.
Joseph N , Suvarna P , Hariharan Bharadwaj S , Dhanush KS , Raeesa F , Mohamed Jasir KK , Joseph N , Kotian SM , Rai S , 2016. Prevalence, risk factors and treatment practices in diarrhoeal diseases in south India. Environ Health Prev Med 21: 248–257.
-
5.
Ferdous F , Ahmed S , Farzana FD , Das J , Malek MA , Das SK , Salam MA , Faruque AS , 2015. Aetiologies of diarrhoea in adults from urban and rural treatment facilities in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 143: 1377–1387.
-
6.
Faruque AS , Malek MA , Khan AI , Huq S , Salam MA , Sack DA , 2004. Diarrhoea in elderly people: aetiology, and clinical characteristics. Scand J Infect Dis 36: 204–208.
-
7.
Fang ZY , Ye Q , Ho MS , Dong H , Qing S , Penaranda ME , Hung T , Wen L , Glass RI , 1989. Investigation of an outbreak of adult diarrhea rotavirus in China. J Infect Dis 160: 948–953.
-
8.
Guerrant RL , Hughes JM , Lima NL , Crane J , 1990. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies. Rev Infect Dis 12: S41–S50.
-
9.
Kirk MD , Veitch MG , Hall GV , 2010. Gastroenteritis and food-borne disease in elderly people living in long-term care. Clin Infect Dis 50: 397–404.
-
10.
Baqui AH , Yunus MD , Zaman K , Mitra AK , Hossain KM , 1991. Surveillance of patients attending a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh. Trop Geogr Med 43: 17–22.
-
11.
Weil AA , Khan AI , Chowdhury F , Larocque RC , Faruque AS , Ryan ET , Calderwood SB , Qadri F , Harris JB , 2009. Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1473–1479.
-
12.
Nadri J et al.2018. Sensitivity, specificity, and public-health utility of clinical case definitions based on the signs and symptoms of cholera in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1021–1030.
-
13.
Chowdhury F , Khan AI , Harris JB , LaRocque RC , Chowdhury MI , Ryan ET , Faruque AS , Calderwood SB , Qadri F , 2008. A comparison of clinical and immunologic features in children and older patients hospitalized with severe cholera in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27: 986–992.
-
14.
George CM et al.2018. A prospective cohort study comparing household contact and water Vibrio cholerae isolates in households of cholera patients in rural Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006641.
-
15.
Bardhan P , Faruque ASG , Naheed A , Sack DA , 2010. Decrease in shigellosis-related deaths without Shigella spp.-specific interventions, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1718–1723.
-
16.
Okeke IN , Ojo O , Lamikanra A , Kaper JB , 2003. Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 41: 4525–4530.
-
17.
Vesikari T , Isolauri E , Mäki M , 1985. Clinical and laboratory features of Yersinia, Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in children. Klin Padiatr 197: 25–29.
-
18.
Lee CN , Chen CJ , Tang KS , Huang FC , 2015. Avoidance of antibiotic administration to Campylobacter enterocolitis mimicking severe salmonellosis by clinical and laboratory features. J Trop Pediatr 61: 25–31.
-
19.
Lamberti LM , Bourgeois AL , Fischer Walker CL , Black RE , Sack D , 2014. Estimating diarrheal illness and deaths attributable to shigellae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among older children, adolescents, and adults in South Asia and Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2705.
-
20.
Levine AC et al.2021. Derivation of the first clinical diagnostic models for dehydration severity in patients over five years with acute diarrhea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009266.
-
21.
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2018. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard-CLSI Document M02-A11. 13th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
22.
Murray PRBE , Pfaller MA , Tenover FC , Yolken RH , Morgan DR , 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edition. Trends Microbiol 3: 449.
-
23.
Toma C , Lu Y , Higa N , Nakasone N , Chinen I , Baschkier A , Rivas M , Iwanaga M , 2003. Multiplex PCR assay for identification of human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2669–2671.
-
24.
Andrews JR , Leung DT , Ahmed S , Malek MA , Ahmed D , Begum YA , Qadri F , Ahmed T , Faruque ASG , Nelson EJ , 2017. Determinants of severe dehydration from diarrheal disease at hospital presentation: evidence from 22 years of admissions in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005512.
-
25.
Platts-Mills JA et al.2015. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 3: e564–e575.
-
26.
Kotloff KL et al.2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
27.
James WP , Mascie-Taylor GC , Norgan NG , Bistrian BR , Shetty PS , Ferro-Luzzi A , 1994. The value of arm circumference measurements in assessing chronic energy deficiency in Third World adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 48: 883–894.
-
28.
Cashin KOL , 2018. Guide to anthropometry: a practical tool for program planners, managers, and implementers. Food Nutr Tech Assist III Proj (FANTA). FHI 360: 1–231.
-
29.
World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund, 2009. WHO child Growth Standards and the Identification of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants and Children.
-
30.
Fischer Walker CL , Sack D , Black RE , 2010. Etiology of diarrhea in older children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e768.
-
31.
Riaz MM , Patel MJ , Khan MS , Anwar MA , Tariq M , Hilal H , Awan S , Razi S , 2012. Clinical characteristics and predictors of positive stool culture in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis. J Pak Med Assoc 62: 20–24.
-
32.
Sauvageot D et al.2016. Cholera incidence and mortality in sub-saharan African sites during multi-country surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004679.
-
33.
Lee JY , Cho SY , Hwang HSH , Ryu JY , Lee J , Song ID , Kim BJ , Kim JW , Chang SK , Choi CH , 2017. Diagnostic yield of stool culture and predictive factors for positive culture in patients with diarrheal illness. Medicine (Baltimore) 96: e7641.
-
34.
Sambe-Ba B , Espié E , Faye ME , Timbiné LG , Sembene M , Gassama-Sow A , 2013. Community-acquired diarrhea among children and adults in urban settings in Senegal: clinical, epidemiological and microbiological aspects. BMC Infect Dis 13: 580.
-
35.
Harris JB , LaRocque RC , Qadri F , Ryan ET , Calderwood SB , 2012. Cholera. Lancet 379: 2466–2476.
-
36.
Lacey J et al.2019. A multidisciplinary consensus on dehydration: definitions, diagnostic methods and clinical implications. Ann Med 51: 232–251.
-
37.
El-Sharkawy AM , Watson P , Neal KR , Ljungqvist O , Maughan RJ , Sahota O , Lobo DN , 2015. Hydration and outcome in older patients admitted to hospital (The HOOP prospective cohort study). Age Ageing 44: 943–947.
-
38.
Gennari FJ , Weise WJ , 2008. Acid-base disturbances in gastrointestinal disease. CJASN 3: 1861–1868.
-
39.
Clemens JD , Nair GB , Ahmed T , Qadri F , Holmgren J , 2017. Cholera. Lancet 390: 1539–1549.
-
40.
Patwari AK , 1999. Diarrhoea and malnutrition interaction. Indian J Pediatr 66: S124–S134.
-
41.
Burrowes V et al.2017. Risk factors for household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Trial). Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 1382–1387.
-
42.
Harris JB , LaRocque RC , Chowdhury F , Khan AI , Logvinenko T , Faruque AS , Ryan ET , Qadri F , Calderwood SB , 2008. Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e221.
-
43.
Gurpreet K , Tee GH , Amal NM , Paramesarvathy R , Karuthan C , 2011. Incidence and determinants of acute diarrhoea in Malaysia: a population-based study. J Health Popul Nutr 29: 103–112.
-
44.
Chowdhury F et al.2015. Diarrheal illness and healthcare seeking behavior among a population at high risk for diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One 10: e0130105.
-
45.
Ward JL , Viner RM , 2016. Secondary education and health outcomes in young people from the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS). PLoS One 11: e0156883.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5963 | 4378 | 384 |
| Full Text Views | 171 | 21 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 30 | 4 |