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, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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1.
Szálkai K, 2019. Water-borne diseases. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Romaniuk SN, Marton P, eds. Springer International Publishing, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 1–7.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2019. Drinking-water. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water. Accessed October 12, 2021.
-
3.
Reddy DCS, 2019. Elimination of viral hepatitis: evolution and India’s response. Indian J Public Health 63: 275–276.
-
4.
John J, Sarkar R, Muliyil J, Bhandari N, Bhan MK, Kang G, 2014. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in India, 2011–2013: revised estimates of disease burden and potential impact of vaccines. Vaccine 32: A5–A9.
-
5.
Panda S, Chatterjee P, Deb A, Kanungo S, Dutta S, 2020. Preventing cholera in India: synthesizing evidences through a systematic review for policy discussion on the use of oral cholera vaccine. Vaccine 38: A148–A156.
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Global Task Force on Cholera Control , 2017. Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030. Available at: www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap/en/. Accessed November 27, 2017.
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7.
Ali M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, Sack DA, 2015. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003832.
-
8.
Samanta P, Saha RN, Chowdhury G, Naha A, Sarkar S, Dutta S, Nandy RK, Okamoto K, Mukhopadhyay AK, 2018. Dissemination of newly emerged polymyxin B sensitive Vibrio cholerae O1 containing Haitian-like genetic traits in different parts of India. J Med Microbiol 67: 1326–1333.
-
9.
Safa A, Nair GB, Kong RYC, 2010. Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol 18: 46–54.
-
10.
Talkington D et al.2011. Characterization of toxigenic from Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis17: 2122–2129.
-
11.
Goel AK, Jain M, Kumar P, Bhadauria S, Kmboj DV, Singh L, 2008. A new variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor causing cholera in India. J Infect 57: 280–281.
-
12.
Ali M, Sen Gupta S, Arora N, Khasnobis P, Venkatesh S, Sur D, Nair GB, Sack DA, Ganguly NK, 2017. Identification of burden hotspots and risk factors for cholera in India: an observational study. PLoS One 12: e0183100.
-
13.
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, 2016. Medical Microbiology, 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elseiver.
-
14.
Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DAT, Lessler J, 2013. The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review. J Infect 66: 432–438.
-
15.
Viswanathan R, Kumar A, 2019. Frontier warriors: combating cholera in rural India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 1071–1072.
-
16.
Exum NG, Gorin EM, Sadhu G, Khanna A, Schwab KJ, 2020. Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India. BMJ Glob Health 5: e002277.
-
17.
Senoh M et al.2014. Isolation of viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 from environmental water samples in Kolkata, India, in a culturable state. MicrobiologyOpen 3: 239–246.
-
18.
Verelst F, Willem L, Beutels P, 2016. Behavioural change models for infectious disease transmission: a systematic review (2010–2015). J R Soc Interface 13: 20160820.
-
19.
Wang X, Gao D, Wang J, 2015. Influence of human behavior on cholera dynamics. Math Biosci 267: 41–52.
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Evidence-Based Health Behavior Interventions for Cholera: Lessons from an Outbreak Investigation in India
Avinash Deoshatwar
Avinash Deoshatwar
Epidemiology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;
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Dawal Salve
Dawal Salve
Public Health Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nashik, Maharashtra, India;
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Varanasi Gopalkrishna
Varanasi Gopalkrishna
Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;
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Anuj Kumar
Anuj Kumar
ICMR–National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India;
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Uday Barve
Uday Barve
Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, Nashik, Maharashtra, India;
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Madhuri Joshi
Madhuri Joshi
Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India;
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Savita Katendra
Savita Katendra
Bacteriology Group, ICMR–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Varsha Dhembre
Varsha Dhembre
Bacteriology Group, ICMR–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Shradha Maheshwari
Shradha Maheshwari
Bacteriology Group, ICMR–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
Bacteriology Group, ICMR–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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ABSTRACT.
In rural India, since 2014, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) has ensured construction of more than 100 million toilets and is now focusing on reinforcement of sanitation behaviors. We report a cholera outbreak in a remote village in western India where open defecation was implicated in causation. A water pipeline was damaged in the vicinity of a stream flowing from a site of open defecation. Despite the availability of a toilet facility in the majority of households (75%), open defecation was widely practiced (62.8%). Many reported not washing hands with soap and water before eating (78.5%) and after defecation (61.1%). The study emphasizes the need for focused health behavior studies and evidence-based interventions to reduce the occurrence of cholera outbreaks. This could be the last lap in the path toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.”
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Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by institutional intramural funding from the Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Authors’ addresses: Avinash Deoshatwar, Epidemiology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: avinash.deoshatwar@gmail.com. Dawal Salve, Public Health Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nashik, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: idspnasik@gmail.com. Varanasi Gopalkrishna and Madhuri Joshi, Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India, E-mails: gopalvk58@hotmail.com and jmadhuri10121968@gmail.com. Anuj Kumar, ICMR–National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: anuj.ahar@gmail.com. Uday Barve, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, Nashik, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: dr14uday@gmail.com. Savita Katendra, Varsha Dhembre, Shradha Maheshwari, and Rajlakshmi Viswanathan, Bacteriology Group, ICMR–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India, E-mails: sairajsavita@gmail.com, varshadhembre.95@gmail.com, shradhamaheshwari1992@gmail.com, and vishwanathan@gov.in.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Szálkai K, 2019. Water-borne diseases. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Romaniuk SN, Marton P, eds. Springer International Publishing, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 1–7.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2019. Drinking-water. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water. Accessed October 12, 2021.
-
3.
Reddy DCS, 2019. Elimination of viral hepatitis: evolution and India’s response. Indian J Public Health 63: 275–276.
-
4.
John J, Sarkar R, Muliyil J, Bhandari N, Bhan MK, Kang G, 2014. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in India, 2011–2013: revised estimates of disease burden and potential impact of vaccines. Vaccine 32: A5–A9.
-
5.
Panda S, Chatterjee P, Deb A, Kanungo S, Dutta S, 2020. Preventing cholera in India: synthesizing evidences through a systematic review for policy discussion on the use of oral cholera vaccine. Vaccine 38: A148–A156.
-
6.
Global Task Force on Cholera Control , 2017. Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030. Available at: www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap/en/. Accessed November 27, 2017.
-
7.
Ali M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, Sack DA, 2015. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003832.
-
8.
Samanta P, Saha RN, Chowdhury G, Naha A, Sarkar S, Dutta S, Nandy RK, Okamoto K, Mukhopadhyay AK, 2018. Dissemination of newly emerged polymyxin B sensitive Vibrio cholerae O1 containing Haitian-like genetic traits in different parts of India. J Med Microbiol 67: 1326–1333.
-
9.
Safa A, Nair GB, Kong RYC, 2010. Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol 18: 46–54.
-
10.
Talkington D et al.2011. Characterization of toxigenic from Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis17: 2122–2129.
-
11.
Goel AK, Jain M, Kumar P, Bhadauria S, Kmboj DV, Singh L, 2008. A new variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor causing cholera in India. J Infect 57: 280–281.
-
12.
Ali M, Sen Gupta S, Arora N, Khasnobis P, Venkatesh S, Sur D, Nair GB, Sack DA, Ganguly NK, 2017. Identification of burden hotspots and risk factors for cholera in India: an observational study. PLoS One 12: e0183100.
-
13.
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, 2016. Medical Microbiology, 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elseiver.
-
14.
Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DAT, Lessler J, 2013. The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review. J Infect 66: 432–438.
-
15.
Viswanathan R, Kumar A, 2019. Frontier warriors: combating cholera in rural India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 1071–1072.
-
16.
Exum NG, Gorin EM, Sadhu G, Khanna A, Schwab KJ, 2020. Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India. BMJ Glob Health 5: e002277.
-
17.
Senoh M et al.2014. Isolation of viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 from environmental water samples in Kolkata, India, in a culturable state. MicrobiologyOpen 3: 239–246.
-
18.
Verelst F, Willem L, Beutels P, 2016. Behavioural change models for infectious disease transmission: a systematic review (2010–2015). J R Soc Interface 13: 20160820.
-
19.
Wang X, Gao D, Wang J, 2015. Influence of human behavior on cholera dynamics. Math Biosci 267: 41–52.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 4326 | 1934 | 194 |
| Full Text Views | 208 | 22 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 17 | 2 |