Seale AC et al., 2017. Estimates of the burden of group B streptococcal disease worldwide for pregnant women, stillbirths, and children. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 65: S200–S219.
Berardi A, Tzialla C, Riva M, Cerbo RM, Creti R, 2007. Group B Streptococcus: early- and late-onset infections. J Chemother 19 (Suppl 2 ):24–27.
Schuchat A, 1998. Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 497–513.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2007. Perinatal group B streptococcal disease after universal screening recommendations: United States, 2003–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 701–705.
Benitz WE, Gould JB, Druzin ML, 1999. Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimation of odds ratios by critical literature review. Pediatrics 103: e77.
Kwatra G, Cunnington MC, Merrall E, Adrian PV, Ip M, Klugman KP, Tam WH, Madhi SA, 2016. Prevalence of maternal colonisation with group B Streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 1076–1084.
Russell NJ et al., 2017. Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and serotype distribution worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 65: S100–S111.
Schrag SJ, Zywicki S, Farley MM, Reingold AL, Harrison LH, Lefkowitz LB, Hadler JL, Danila R, Cieslak PR, Schuchat A, 2000. Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 342: 15–20.
Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 2010. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep 59: 1–36.
Madhi SA, Dangor Z, 2017. Prospects for preventing infant invasive GBS disease through maternal vaccination. Vaccine35: 4457–4460.
Kim S-Y, Russell LB, Park J, Verani JR, Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Schrag SJ, Sinha A, 2014. Cost-effectiveness of a potential group B streptococcal vaccine program for pregnant women in South Africa. Vaccine 32: 1954–1963.
Schuchat A, 1999. Group B Streptococcus. Lancet 353: 51–56.
Heath PT, 2011. An update on vaccination against group B Streptococcus. Expert Rev Vaccines 10: 685–694.
Huynh B-T et al., 2018. Bacterial infections in neonates, Madagascar, 2012–2014. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 710–717.
Ververs M, Antierens A, Sackl A, Staderini N, Captier V, 2013. Which anthropometric indicators identify a pregnant woman as acutely malnourished and predict adverse birth outcomes in the humanitarian context? PLoS Curr 5: ecurrents.dis.54a8b618c1bc031ea140e3f2934599c8.
Regan JA, Klebanoff MA, Nugent RP, 1991. The epidemiology of group B streptococcal colonization in pregnancy: vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 77: 604–610.
Collins TS, Calderon M, Gilman RH, Vivar A, Charache P, 1998. Group B streptococcal colonization in a developing country: its association with sexually transmitted disease and socioeconomic factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 633–636.
Sharmila V, Joseph NM, Arun Babu T, Chaturvedula L, Sistla S, 2011. Genital tract group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant women: a south Indian perspective. J Infect Dev Countries 5: 592–595.
Brochet M, Couvé E, Bercion R, Sire J-M, Glaser P, 2009. Population structure of human isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae from Dakar and Bangui. J Clin Microbiol 47: 800–803.
Madhi SA, Dangor Z, 2017. Prospects for preventing infant invasive GBS disease through maternal vaccination. Vaccine 35: 4457–4460.
Stoll BJ, Schuchat A, 1998. Maternal carriage of group B streptococci in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17: 499–503.
El Aila NA, Tency I, Claeys G, Saerens B, Cools P, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Verhelst R, Vaneechoutte M, 2010. Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B Streptococcus carriage in pregnant women. BMC Infect Dis 10: 285.
Rosa-Fraile M, Spellerberg B, 2017. Reliable detection of group B Streptococcus in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 55: 2590–2598.
Bosch-Mestres J, Martín-Fernández RM, Jiménez de Anta-Losada MT, 2003. [Comparative study of three culture media for detecting group B Streptococcus colonization in pregnant women]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 21: 346–349.
Cools P, Jespers V, Hardy L, Crucitti T, Delany-Moretlwe S, Mwaura M, Ndayisaba GF, van de Wijgert JHHM, Vaneechoutte M, 2016. A multi-country cross-sectional study of vaginal carriage of group B streptococci (GBS) and Escherichia coli in resource-poor settings: prevalences and risk factors. PLoS One 11: e0148052.
Campbell JR, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Ferrieri P, Zaleznik DF, Baker CJ, 2000. Group B streptococcal colonization and serotype-specific immunity in pregnant women at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 96: 498–503.
Seale AC et al., 2016. Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya. Nat Microbiol 1: 16067.
Le Doare K, Heath PT, 2013. An overview of global GBS epidemiology. Vaccine 31 (Suppl 4):D7–D12.
Honig E, Mouton JW, van der Meijden WI, 2002. The epidemiology of vaginal colonisation with group B streptococci in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 105: 177–180.
Manning SD, Neighbors K, Tallman PA, Gillespie B, Marrs CF, Borchardt SM, Baker CJ, Pearlman MD, Foxman B, 2004. Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonization and potential for transmission by casual contact in healthy young men and women. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 39: 380–388.
Manning SD, 2014. Emergence of a hypervirulent neonatal pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 1028–1030.
World Health Organization , 2017. GBS Vaccine Research and Development Technical Roadmap and WHO-Preferred Product Characteristics. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1087677/retrieve. Accessed June 8, 2021.
Davies HG, Carreras-Abad C, Le Doare K, Heath PT, 2019. Group B Streptococcus: trials and tribulations. Pediatr Infect Dis J 38: S72–S76.
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Maternal group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization is a major risk factor for neonatal GBS infection. However, data on GBS are scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Using sociodemographic data and vaginal swabs collected from an international cohort of mothers and newborns, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women in Madagascar (n = 1,603) and Senegal (n = 616). The prevalence was 5.0% (95% CI, 3.9–6.1) and 16.1% (95% CI, 13.1–19.0) in Madagascar and Senegal, respectively. No factors among sociodemographic characteristics, living conditions, and obstetric history were found to be associated independently with GBS colonization in both countries. This community-based study provides one of the first estimates of maternal GBS colonization among pregnant women from Madagascar and Senegal.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Additional members of the BIRDY study group are listed in “Acknowledgments” at the end of this article.
Financial support: This study was supported by the Total Foundation, the African Center for Maternal and Child Health (Centre d’Excellence Africain pour la Santé de la Mère et de l’Enfant), and by the Department of International Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco.
Authors’ addresses: Yu-Jin Jung and Fatoumata Diene Sarr, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, E-mails: jung.yujin.lille@gmail.com and fatoumata.sarr@pasteur.sn. Bich-Tram Huynh, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, E-mail: bich-tram.huynh@pasteur.fr. Abdoulaye Seck, Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, and Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal, E-mail: abdoulaye.seck@pasteur.sn. Raymond Bercion, Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, E-mail: raymond.bercion@pasteur.sn. Perlinot Herindrainy, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, and Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance, ICF International, Antananarivo, Madagascar, E-mail: perlinot.herindrainy@icf.com. Jean-Baptiste Diouf, Pediatrics Unit, Roi Baudoin Hospital, Guédiawaye, Senegal, E-mail: jeanniokhor@yahoo.fr. Zafitsara Zo Andrianirina, Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Soavinandriana Hospital, Antananarivo, Madagascar, E-mail: zozand03@yahoo.fr. Arnaud Firon and Patrick Trieu-Cuot, Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and 10ERL 2006, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2001, Paris, France, E-mails: arnaud.firon@pasteur.fr and patrick.trieu-cuot@pasteur.fr. Sophie Goyet, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, E-mail: sophiegoyet@gmail.com. Jean-Marc Collard, Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, and Experimental Bacteriology Laboratory, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai/Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China, E-mail: jean-marc.collard@ips.ac.cn. Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau, Anti-infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, E-mail: elisabeth.delarocqueastagneau@aphp.fr. Didier Guillemot, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and Anti-infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France, E-mail: didier.guillemot@pasteur.fr. Muriel Vray, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, and Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, E-mail: muriel.vray@pasteur.fr.
Seale AC et al., 2017. Estimates of the burden of group B streptococcal disease worldwide for pregnant women, stillbirths, and children. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 65: S200–S219.
Berardi A, Tzialla C, Riva M, Cerbo RM, Creti R, 2007. Group B Streptococcus: early- and late-onset infections. J Chemother 19 (Suppl 2 ):24–27.
Schuchat A, 1998. Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 497–513.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2007. Perinatal group B streptococcal disease after universal screening recommendations: United States, 2003–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 701–705.
Benitz WE, Gould JB, Druzin ML, 1999. Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimation of odds ratios by critical literature review. Pediatrics 103: e77.
Kwatra G, Cunnington MC, Merrall E, Adrian PV, Ip M, Klugman KP, Tam WH, Madhi SA, 2016. Prevalence of maternal colonisation with group B Streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 1076–1084.
Russell NJ et al., 2017. Maternal colonization with group B Streptococcus and serotype distribution worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 65: S100–S111.
Schrag SJ, Zywicki S, Farley MM, Reingold AL, Harrison LH, Lefkowitz LB, Hadler JL, Danila R, Cieslak PR, Schuchat A, 2000. Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 342: 15–20.
Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 2010. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep 59: 1–36.
Madhi SA, Dangor Z, 2017. Prospects for preventing infant invasive GBS disease through maternal vaccination. Vaccine35: 4457–4460.
Kim S-Y, Russell LB, Park J, Verani JR, Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Schrag SJ, Sinha A, 2014. Cost-effectiveness of a potential group B streptococcal vaccine program for pregnant women in South Africa. Vaccine 32: 1954–1963.
Schuchat A, 1999. Group B Streptococcus. Lancet 353: 51–56.
Heath PT, 2011. An update on vaccination against group B Streptococcus. Expert Rev Vaccines 10: 685–694.
Huynh B-T et al., 2018. Bacterial infections in neonates, Madagascar, 2012–2014. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 710–717.
Ververs M, Antierens A, Sackl A, Staderini N, Captier V, 2013. Which anthropometric indicators identify a pregnant woman as acutely malnourished and predict adverse birth outcomes in the humanitarian context? PLoS Curr 5: ecurrents.dis.54a8b618c1bc031ea140e3f2934599c8.
Regan JA, Klebanoff MA, Nugent RP, 1991. The epidemiology of group B streptococcal colonization in pregnancy: vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 77: 604–610.
Collins TS, Calderon M, Gilman RH, Vivar A, Charache P, 1998. Group B streptococcal colonization in a developing country: its association with sexually transmitted disease and socioeconomic factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 633–636.
Sharmila V, Joseph NM, Arun Babu T, Chaturvedula L, Sistla S, 2011. Genital tract group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant women: a south Indian perspective. J Infect Dev Countries 5: 592–595.
Brochet M, Couvé E, Bercion R, Sire J-M, Glaser P, 2009. Population structure of human isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae from Dakar and Bangui. J Clin Microbiol 47: 800–803.
Madhi SA, Dangor Z, 2017. Prospects for preventing infant invasive GBS disease through maternal vaccination. Vaccine 35: 4457–4460.
Stoll BJ, Schuchat A, 1998. Maternal carriage of group B streptococci in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17: 499–503.
El Aila NA, Tency I, Claeys G, Saerens B, Cools P, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Verhelst R, Vaneechoutte M, 2010. Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B Streptococcus carriage in pregnant women. BMC Infect Dis 10: 285.
Rosa-Fraile M, Spellerberg B, 2017. Reliable detection of group B Streptococcus in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 55: 2590–2598.
Bosch-Mestres J, Martín-Fernández RM, Jiménez de Anta-Losada MT, 2003. [Comparative study of three culture media for detecting group B Streptococcus colonization in pregnant women]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 21: 346–349.
Cools P, Jespers V, Hardy L, Crucitti T, Delany-Moretlwe S, Mwaura M, Ndayisaba GF, van de Wijgert JHHM, Vaneechoutte M, 2016. A multi-country cross-sectional study of vaginal carriage of group B streptococci (GBS) and Escherichia coli in resource-poor settings: prevalences and risk factors. PLoS One 11: e0148052.
Campbell JR, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Ferrieri P, Zaleznik DF, Baker CJ, 2000. Group B streptococcal colonization and serotype-specific immunity in pregnant women at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 96: 498–503.
Seale AC et al., 2016. Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya. Nat Microbiol 1: 16067.
Le Doare K, Heath PT, 2013. An overview of global GBS epidemiology. Vaccine 31 (Suppl 4):D7–D12.
Honig E, Mouton JW, van der Meijden WI, 2002. The epidemiology of vaginal colonisation with group B streptococci in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 105: 177–180.
Manning SD, Neighbors K, Tallman PA, Gillespie B, Marrs CF, Borchardt SM, Baker CJ, Pearlman MD, Foxman B, 2004. Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonization and potential for transmission by casual contact in healthy young men and women. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 39: 380–388.
Manning SD, 2014. Emergence of a hypervirulent neonatal pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis 14: 1028–1030.
World Health Organization , 2017. GBS Vaccine Research and Development Technical Roadmap and WHO-Preferred Product Characteristics. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1087677/retrieve. Accessed June 8, 2021.
Davies HG, Carreras-Abad C, Le Doare K, Heath PT, 2019. Group B Streptococcus: trials and tribulations. Pediatr Infect Dis J 38: S72–S76.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 876 | 309 | 30 |
Full Text Views | 157 | 66 | 6 |
PDF Downloads | 153 | 69 | 4 |