ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
1990. Congenital toxoplasmosis and TORCH. Lancet 336: 622–624.
-
2.
1990. TORCH syndrome and TORCH screening. Lancet 335: 1559–1561.
-
3.
General Office of the State Council , 2015. Outline of National Medical and Health Service System Planning (2015–2020).
-
4.
Cui JZ, 2001. Research progress of TORCH in China. Chin J Epidemiol 22: 462–464.
-
5.
Zhang SK, Wang QM, Sheng HP, 2015. Design of the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in China. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95: 162–165.
-
6.
Wang QM, Zhang M, Zhang SK, Hu M, Liu N, Kang XX, Shen HP, Zhang YP, 2015. Establishment of quality assurance system of the National free preconception health examination project in China. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95: 166–168.
-
7.
Zhou Q, Zhang S, Wang Q, Shen H, Tian W, Chen J, Acharya G, Li X, 2016. China’s community-based strategy of universal preconception care in rural areas at a population level using a novel risk classification system for stratifying couples preconception health status. BMC Health Serv Res 16: 689.
-
8.
Liu J, Zhang S, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yan D, Liu M, 2016. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in 2 million men aged 21–49 years in rural China: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 80–86.
-
9.
Wang S et al., 2017. Cohort study on maternal cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and prevalence and clinical manifestations of congenital infection in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 96: e6007.
-
10.
Fang FQ, Fan QS, Yang ZJ, Peng YB, Zhang L, Mao KZ, Zhang Y, Ji YH, 2009. Incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in Shanghai, China. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 1700–1703.
-
11.
Zhang Q, Gao Y, Peng Y, Fu M, Liu YQ, Zhou QJ, Yu J, Zheng XQ, 2014. Epidemiological survey of human cytomegalovirus antibody levels in children from southeastern China. Virol J 11: 123.
-
12.
Jin Q, Su J, Wu S, 2017. Cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women in Beijing: seroepidemiological survey and intrauterine transmissions. J Microbiol Biotechnol 27: 1005–1009.
-
13.
Zhang S, Hu L, Chen J, Xu B, Zhou YH, Hu Y, 2014. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in pregnant women and association with adverse pregnancy/neonatal outcomes in Jiangsu Province, China. PLoS One 9: e107645.
-
14.
Li CL, Zhao K, Li H, Farah OI, Wang JJ, Sun RZ, Zhang HP, 2014. Free preconceptual screening examination service in rural areas of Hubei Province, China in 2012. PLoS One 9: e111918.
-
15.
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965–1976.
-
16.
Wu XF, Li QZ, Wang J, Qiao ZD, 1999. Analysis of TORCH infection in pregnant women in Taiyuan area. Chin J Zoonoses 15: 111–116.
-
17.
Gui JH, Huang GX, Wang Z, Hu B, Wang SS, Yu WZ, Qiu DH, 2006. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between TORCH infection and abnormal pregnant history of women based on a large-sample data. Zhongguo Yousheng Yu Yichuan Zazhi 14: 67–68.
-
18.
Rougier S, Montoya JG, Peyron F, 2016. Lifelong persistence of toxoplasma cysts: a questionable dogma? Trends Parasitol 33: 93–191.
-
19.
Ni AP, Hao YY, Zhu XC, Sun NH, 2003. Serologic screening for Torch in pregnant women, pregnant women with embryo standstills as well as women with habitual abortion. Chin J Lab Med 26: 142–144.
-
20.
Baril L, Ancelle T, Goulet V, Thulliez P, Tirard-Fleury V, Carme B, 1999. Risk factors for toxoplasma infection in pregnancy: a case-control study in France. Scand J Infect Dis 31: 305–309.
-
21.
Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML, 2012. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 25: 264–296.
-
22.
Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA, 2015. Rubella. Lancet 385: 2297–2307.
-
23.
Li Z, Yan C, Liu P, Yan R, Feng Z, 2009. Prevalence of serum antibodies to TORCH among women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Clin Chim Acta 403: 212–215.
-
24.
Cannon MJ, Schmid DS, Hyde TB, 2010. Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection. Rev Med Virol 20: 202–213.
-
25.
Chen J, Hu L, Wu M, Zhong T, Zhou YH, Hu Y, 2012. Kinetics of IgG antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) after birth and seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG in Chinese children. Virol J 9: 304.
-
26.
Lazzarotto T et al., 2001. Evaluation of the Abbott AxSYM cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) assay in conjunction with other CMV IgM tests and a CMV IgG avidity assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8: 196–198.
-
27.
Stagno S, Cloud GA, 1990. Changes in the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus. Adv Exp Med Biol 278: 93–104.
-
28.
Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ, 2001. Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N Engl J Med 344: 1366–1371.
-
29.
Livingood WC, Brady C, Pierce K, Atrash H, Hou T, Bryant T 3rd, 2010. Impact of pre-conception health care: evaluation of a social determinants focused intervention. Matern Child Health J 14: 382–391.
-
30.
2006. CDC’s roadmap for preconception health care. Lancet 367: 1792.
-
31.
Busby A, Abramsky L, Dolk H, Armstrong B, 2005. Preventing neural tube defects in Europe: population based study. BMJ 330: 574–575.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2100 | 717 | 214 |
| Full Text Views | 246 | 33 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 196 | 22 | 1 |
Seroepidemiology of TORCH Infections among 1.7 Million Women of Childbearing Age in Rural China: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Xiaosong Qin
Xiaosong Qin
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China;
Search for other papers by Xiaosong Qin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xiaosong Qin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Shikun Zhang
Shikun Zhang
Chairman Office, Chinese Association of Maternal and Child Health Studies, Beijing, China;
Search for other papers by Shikun Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shikun Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hongbo Liu
Hongbo Liu
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China;
Search for other papers by Hongbo Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hongbo Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Guixue Cheng
Guixue Cheng
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China;
Search for other papers by Guixue Cheng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Guixue Cheng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Yong Liu
Yong Liu
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China;
Search for other papers by Yong Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yong Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mei Hu
Mei Hu
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China;
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China;
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
Search for other papers by Mei Hu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China;
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
Search for other papers by Mei Hu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Na Liu
Na Liu
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China;
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China;
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
Search for other papers by Na Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China;
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
Search for other papers by Na Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Man Zhang
Man Zhang
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China;
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China;
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
Search for other papers by Man Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China;
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
Search for other papers by Man Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
We conducted a national seroepidemiological study of the TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii [TOX], Rubella [RV], Cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Herpes Simplex Virus) in rural women to provided updated baseline data on TORCH prevalence. A total of 1,541,329 women of childbearing age were gathered from 2010 to 2012 in China. Of these, 858,072 women were tested positive for anti-RV IgG antibodies, 602,251 women were tested positive for anti-CMV antibodies, and 40,055 women were tested positive for anti-TOX antibodies. TORCH prevalence was highest among young adults (aged 25–34 years; P < 0.0001). A total of 69,220 women (4.49%) had received RV vaccination, of whom 49,988 (72.2%) had vaccine-acquired immunity. Of 1,541,329 women, 6,107 (0.40%) tested positive for anti-TOX IgM antibodies and 6,646 (0.43%) tested positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies, suggesting the presence of TOX and CMV infections. TORCH markers were all more prevalent in the eastern region of China than in the central or western regions (all P < 0.0001). Prevalence rates related to all recent infection markers of TOX and CMV increased with increasing age in all regions (P < 0.0001). TORCH prevalence rates were found to be lower than previously published rates. This may be attributed to improvements in living standards and health habits in China. However, considering that the decrease in prevalence has led to an increase in the number of susceptible people, and the partial immunity caused by some pathogenic infections still leave infected people at risk of reinfection, strengthened vaccination and health education is essential to improve the quality of life of the Chinese population.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Chinese Association of Maternal and Child Health Studies [AMCHS-2014-4] and Guangzhou Industrial Technology Major Research Project [201902010003].
Authors’ addresses: Xiaosong Qin, Guixue Cheng, and Yong Liu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China, E-mails: qinxs@sj-hospital.org, chengguixue03@163.com, and liuy@sj-hospital.org. Shikun Zhang, Chairman Office, Chinese Association of Maternal and Child Health Studies, Beijing, China, E-mail: zhangshikunbj@163.com. Hongbo Liu, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China, E-mail: liuhbabc@163.com. Mei Hu, Na Liu, and Man Zhang, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China, E-mails: 54214993@qq.com, 578980787@qq.com, and zhangman@bjsjth.cn.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
1990. Congenital toxoplasmosis and TORCH. Lancet 336: 622–624.
-
2.
1990. TORCH syndrome and TORCH screening. Lancet 335: 1559–1561.
-
3.
General Office of the State Council , 2015. Outline of National Medical and Health Service System Planning (2015–2020).
-
4.
Cui JZ, 2001. Research progress of TORCH in China. Chin J Epidemiol 22: 462–464.
-
5.
Zhang SK, Wang QM, Sheng HP, 2015. Design of the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in China. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95: 162–165.
-
6.
Wang QM, Zhang M, Zhang SK, Hu M, Liu N, Kang XX, Shen HP, Zhang YP, 2015. Establishment of quality assurance system of the National free preconception health examination project in China. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95: 166–168.
-
7.
Zhou Q, Zhang S, Wang Q, Shen H, Tian W, Chen J, Acharya G, Li X, 2016. China’s community-based strategy of universal preconception care in rural areas at a population level using a novel risk classification system for stratifying couples preconception health status. BMC Health Serv Res 16: 689.
-
8.
Liu J, Zhang S, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yan D, Liu M, 2016. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in 2 million men aged 21–49 years in rural China: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 80–86.
-
9.
Wang S et al., 2017. Cohort study on maternal cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and prevalence and clinical manifestations of congenital infection in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 96: e6007.
-
10.
Fang FQ, Fan QS, Yang ZJ, Peng YB, Zhang L, Mao KZ, Zhang Y, Ji YH, 2009. Incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in Shanghai, China. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 1700–1703.
-
11.
Zhang Q, Gao Y, Peng Y, Fu M, Liu YQ, Zhou QJ, Yu J, Zheng XQ, 2014. Epidemiological survey of human cytomegalovirus antibody levels in children from southeastern China. Virol J 11: 123.
-
12.
Jin Q, Su J, Wu S, 2017. Cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women in Beijing: seroepidemiological survey and intrauterine transmissions. J Microbiol Biotechnol 27: 1005–1009.
-
13.
Zhang S, Hu L, Chen J, Xu B, Zhou YH, Hu Y, 2014. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in pregnant women and association with adverse pregnancy/neonatal outcomes in Jiangsu Province, China. PLoS One 9: e107645.
-
14.
Li CL, Zhao K, Li H, Farah OI, Wang JJ, Sun RZ, Zhang HP, 2014. Free preconceptual screening examination service in rural areas of Hubei Province, China in 2012. PLoS One 9: e111918.
-
15.
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965–1976.
-
16.
Wu XF, Li QZ, Wang J, Qiao ZD, 1999. Analysis of TORCH infection in pregnant women in Taiyuan area. Chin J Zoonoses 15: 111–116.
-
17.
Gui JH, Huang GX, Wang Z, Hu B, Wang SS, Yu WZ, Qiu DH, 2006. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between TORCH infection and abnormal pregnant history of women based on a large-sample data. Zhongguo Yousheng Yu Yichuan Zazhi 14: 67–68.
-
18.
Rougier S, Montoya JG, Peyron F, 2016. Lifelong persistence of toxoplasma cysts: a questionable dogma? Trends Parasitol 33: 93–191.
-
19.
Ni AP, Hao YY, Zhu XC, Sun NH, 2003. Serologic screening for Torch in pregnant women, pregnant women with embryo standstills as well as women with habitual abortion. Chin J Lab Med 26: 142–144.
-
20.
Baril L, Ancelle T, Goulet V, Thulliez P, Tirard-Fleury V, Carme B, 1999. Risk factors for toxoplasma infection in pregnancy: a case-control study in France. Scand J Infect Dis 31: 305–309.
-
21.
Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML, 2012. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 25: 264–296.
-
22.
Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA, 2015. Rubella. Lancet 385: 2297–2307.
-
23.
Li Z, Yan C, Liu P, Yan R, Feng Z, 2009. Prevalence of serum antibodies to TORCH among women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Clin Chim Acta 403: 212–215.
-
24.
Cannon MJ, Schmid DS, Hyde TB, 2010. Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection. Rev Med Virol 20: 202–213.
-
25.
Chen J, Hu L, Wu M, Zhong T, Zhou YH, Hu Y, 2012. Kinetics of IgG antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) after birth and seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG in Chinese children. Virol J 9: 304.
-
26.
Lazzarotto T et al., 2001. Evaluation of the Abbott AxSYM cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) assay in conjunction with other CMV IgM tests and a CMV IgG avidity assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8: 196–198.
-
27.
Stagno S, Cloud GA, 1990. Changes in the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus. Adv Exp Med Biol 278: 93–104.
-
28.
Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ, 2001. Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N Engl J Med 344: 1366–1371.
-
29.
Livingood WC, Brady C, Pierce K, Atrash H, Hou T, Bryant T 3rd, 2010. Impact of pre-conception health care: evaluation of a social determinants focused intervention. Matern Child Health J 14: 382–391.
-
30.
2006. CDC’s roadmap for preconception health care. Lancet 367: 1792.
-
31.
Busby A, Abramsky L, Dolk H, Armstrong B, 2005. Preventing neural tube defects in Europe: population based study. BMJ 330: 574–575.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2100 | 717 | 214 |
| Full Text Views | 246 | 33 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 196 | 22 | 1 |