Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pryce J, Richardson M & Lengeler C 2018. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD000363.
-
2.
Wangdi K, Furuya-Kanamori L, Clark J, Barendregt JJ, Gatton ML, Banwell C, Kelly GC, Doi SAR & Clements ACA 2018. Comparative effectiveness of malaria prevention measures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 11: 210.
-
3.
Dolan C, BenYishay A, Grepin K, Tanner J, Kimmel A, Wheeler D & McCord G 2019. The impact of an insecticide treated bednet campaign on all-cause child mortality: a geospatial impact evaluation from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 14: e0212890.
-
4.
WHO , 2021. Updating WHO’s Global Strategy for Malaria. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2021-updating-who-s-global-strategy-for-malaria. Accessed February 28, 2021.
-
5.
Kilian A, Obi E, Mansiangi P, Abílio AP, Haji KA, Blaufuss S, Olapeju B, Babalola S & Koenker H 2021. Variation of physical durability between LLIN products and net use environments: summary of findings from four African countries. Malar J 20: 26.
-
6.
Briet O et al., 2020. Attrition, physical integrity and insecticidal activity of long-lasting insecticidal nets in sub-Saharan Africa and modelling of their impact on vectorial capacity. Malar J 19: 310.
-
7.
Koenker H, Kilian A, De Boyl C, Onyefunafoa E, Selby R, Abeku T, Fotheringham M & Lynch M 2014. What happens to lost nets: a multi-country analysis of reasons for LLIN attrition using 14 household surveys in four countries. Malar J 13: 464.
-
8.
Santos EM, Coalson JE, Munga S, Agawo M, Jacobs ET, Klimentidis YC, Hayden MH & Ernst KC 2020. “After those nets are torn, most people use them for other purposes”: an examination of alternative bed net use in western Kenya. Malar J 19: 272.
-
9.
Ramanantsoa A, Wilson-Barthes M, Rahenintsoa R, Hoibak S, Ranaivoharimina H, Rahelimalala MD, Rakotomanga A, Finlay A, Muela Ribera J & Peeters Grietens K 2017. Can the collection of expired long-lasting insecticidal nets reduce their coverage and use? Sociocultural aspects related to LLIN life cycle management and use in four districts in Madagascar. Malar J 16: 404.
-
10.
Okumu F, Finda MF, Koenraadt CJM, Spitzen J & Takken W Innovative Strategies for Vector Control - Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases. Wageiningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 6: 33–57.
-
11.
Okumu F 2020. The fabric of life: what if mosquito nets were durable and widely available but insecticide-free? Malar J 19: 260.
-
12.
Paaijmans KP & Huijben S 2020. Taking the “I” out of LLINs: Using insecticides in vector control tools other than long-lasting nets to fight malaria. Malar J 19: 73.
-
13.
WHO , 2014. WHO Recommendations on the Sound Management of Old Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets. Available at: http://deliver.jsi.com/dlvr_content/resources/allpubs/countryreports/Mada_LLIN_Recy_Pilo.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2021.
-
14.
RBM Partnership to End Malaria , 2020. 2 Billion Mosquito Nets Delivered Worldwide Since 2004. Available at: https://endmalaria.org/news/2-billion-mosquito-nets-delivered-worldwide-2004. Accessed February 28, 2021.
-
15.
Nielsen TD, Hasselbalch J, Holmberg K & Stripple J 2020. Politics and the plastic crisis: a review throughout the plastic life cycle. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ 9: e360.
-
16.
Rhodes C 2018. Plastic pollution and potential solutions. Sci Prog 101: 207–260.
-
17.
Rasool F et al., 2021. Isolation and characterization of human pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria associated with plastic litter collected in Zanzibar. J Hazard Mater 405: 124591.
-
18.
Imran M, Das K & Naik M 2019. Co-selection of multi-antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens in metal and microplastic contaminated environments: an emerging health threat. Chemosphere 215: 846–857.
-
19.
Short R, Gurung R, Rowcliffe M, Hill N & Milner-Gulland EJ 2018. The use of mosquito nets in fisheries: a global perspective. PLoS One 13: e0191519.
-
20.
Little EE, Dwyer FJ, Fairchild JF, Delonay AJ & Zajicejk JL 1993. Survival of bluegill and their behavioral responses during continuous and pulsed exposures to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 871–878.
-
21.
Larsen DA, Makaure J, Ryan SJ, Stewart D, Traub A, Welsh R, Love DH & Bisesi JH Jr 2021. Implications of insecticide-treated mosquito net fishing in lower income countries. Environ Health Perspect 129: 1–6.
-
22.
Vengayil DT, Singh J, Singh AL, Das VK & Singh PB 2011. Bioaccumulation of carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides in fishes of the River Gomti at Jaunpur during breeding season. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 11: 1–8.
-
23.
Burns CJ & Pastoor TP 2018. Pyrethroid epidemiology: a quality-based review. Crit Rev Toxicol 48: 297–311.
-
24.
Bao W, Liu B, Simonsen DW & Lehmler HJ 2020. Association between exposure to pyrethroid insecticides and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the general US adult population. JAMA Intern Med 180: 367–374.
-
25.
Park J, Park SK & Choi YH 2019. Environmental pyrethroid exposure and diabetes in U.S. adults. Environ Res 172: 399–407.
-
26.
Jones BL & Unsworth RKF 2020. The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa. Ambio 49: 1257–1267.
-
27.
RBM Partnership to End Malaria Social Behavior Change Communication Working Group , Alliance for Malaria Prevention Emerging Issues Working Group , RBM Partnership to End Malaria Vector Control Working Group LLIN Priorities Work Stream , 2018. Consensus Statement on Repurposing ITNs: Applications for BCC Messaging and Actions at the Country Level. Available at: https://www.vector-works.org/wp-content/uploads/Consensus-Statement-Repurposing-of-ITNs-2018-11-28.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2021.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1040 | 264 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 136 | 24 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 145 | 28 | 0 |
The Unsustainability of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets
Ellen M. Santos
Ellen M. Santos
Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois
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Tatyana M. Curtis
Tatyana M. Curtis
Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois
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ABSTRACT.
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are highly effective tools for malaria prevention, and it is clear bed nets are necessary. However, given the environmental concerns of the production, distribution, and disposal of LLINs, the malaria prevention community should look to design sturdier nets that last longer and are made of more sustainable materials to reduce harmful environmental impacts in a time when addressing climate change is urgent. We discuss concerns related to plastic pollution and the environmental health of LLINs in their current form, while recognizing the absolute importance of bed nets for malaria prevention. We call for conversation and innovation among all those involved in malaria prevention to address the unsustainability of LLINs and to maximize the resources available for malaria prevention in a climate of competing global health priorities.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Ellen M. Santos and Tatyana M. Curtis, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Applied Health, Edwardsville, IL, E-mails: elsanto@siue.edu and tcurtis@siue.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pryce J, Richardson M & Lengeler C 2018. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD000363.
-
2.
Wangdi K, Furuya-Kanamori L, Clark J, Barendregt JJ, Gatton ML, Banwell C, Kelly GC, Doi SAR & Clements ACA 2018. Comparative effectiveness of malaria prevention measures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 11: 210.
-
3.
Dolan C, BenYishay A, Grepin K, Tanner J, Kimmel A, Wheeler D & McCord G 2019. The impact of an insecticide treated bednet campaign on all-cause child mortality: a geospatial impact evaluation from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 14: e0212890.
-
4.
WHO , 2021. Updating WHO’s Global Strategy for Malaria. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2021-updating-who-s-global-strategy-for-malaria. Accessed February 28, 2021.
-
5.
Kilian A, Obi E, Mansiangi P, Abílio AP, Haji KA, Blaufuss S, Olapeju B, Babalola S & Koenker H 2021. Variation of physical durability between LLIN products and net use environments: summary of findings from four African countries. Malar J 20: 26.
-
6.
Briet O et al., 2020. Attrition, physical integrity and insecticidal activity of long-lasting insecticidal nets in sub-Saharan Africa and modelling of their impact on vectorial capacity. Malar J 19: 310.
-
7.
Koenker H, Kilian A, De Boyl C, Onyefunafoa E, Selby R, Abeku T, Fotheringham M & Lynch M 2014. What happens to lost nets: a multi-country analysis of reasons for LLIN attrition using 14 household surveys in four countries. Malar J 13: 464.
-
8.
Santos EM, Coalson JE, Munga S, Agawo M, Jacobs ET, Klimentidis YC, Hayden MH & Ernst KC 2020. “After those nets are torn, most people use them for other purposes”: an examination of alternative bed net use in western Kenya. Malar J 19: 272.
-
9.
Ramanantsoa A, Wilson-Barthes M, Rahenintsoa R, Hoibak S, Ranaivoharimina H, Rahelimalala MD, Rakotomanga A, Finlay A, Muela Ribera J & Peeters Grietens K 2017. Can the collection of expired long-lasting insecticidal nets reduce their coverage and use? Sociocultural aspects related to LLIN life cycle management and use in four districts in Madagascar. Malar J 16: 404.
-
10.
Okumu F, Finda MF, Koenraadt CJM, Spitzen J & Takken W Innovative Strategies for Vector Control - Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases. Wageiningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 6: 33–57.
-
11.
Okumu F 2020. The fabric of life: what if mosquito nets were durable and widely available but insecticide-free? Malar J 19: 260.
-
12.
Paaijmans KP & Huijben S 2020. Taking the “I” out of LLINs: Using insecticides in vector control tools other than long-lasting nets to fight malaria. Malar J 19: 73.
-
13.
WHO , 2014. WHO Recommendations on the Sound Management of Old Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets. Available at: http://deliver.jsi.com/dlvr_content/resources/allpubs/countryreports/Mada_LLIN_Recy_Pilo.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2021.
-
14.
RBM Partnership to End Malaria , 2020. 2 Billion Mosquito Nets Delivered Worldwide Since 2004. Available at: https://endmalaria.org/news/2-billion-mosquito-nets-delivered-worldwide-2004. Accessed February 28, 2021.
-
15.
Nielsen TD, Hasselbalch J, Holmberg K & Stripple J 2020. Politics and the plastic crisis: a review throughout the plastic life cycle. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ 9: e360.
-
16.
Rhodes C 2018. Plastic pollution and potential solutions. Sci Prog 101: 207–260.
-
17.
Rasool F et al., 2021. Isolation and characterization of human pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria associated with plastic litter collected in Zanzibar. J Hazard Mater 405: 124591.
-
18.
Imran M, Das K & Naik M 2019. Co-selection of multi-antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens in metal and microplastic contaminated environments: an emerging health threat. Chemosphere 215: 846–857.
-
19.
Short R, Gurung R, Rowcliffe M, Hill N & Milner-Gulland EJ 2018. The use of mosquito nets in fisheries: a global perspective. PLoS One 13: e0191519.
-
20.
Little EE, Dwyer FJ, Fairchild JF, Delonay AJ & Zajicejk JL 1993. Survival of bluegill and their behavioral responses during continuous and pulsed exposures to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 871–878.
-
21.
Larsen DA, Makaure J, Ryan SJ, Stewart D, Traub A, Welsh R, Love DH & Bisesi JH Jr 2021. Implications of insecticide-treated mosquito net fishing in lower income countries. Environ Health Perspect 129: 1–6.
-
22.
Vengayil DT, Singh J, Singh AL, Das VK & Singh PB 2011. Bioaccumulation of carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides in fishes of the River Gomti at Jaunpur during breeding season. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 11: 1–8.
-
23.
Burns CJ & Pastoor TP 2018. Pyrethroid epidemiology: a quality-based review. Crit Rev Toxicol 48: 297–311.
-
24.
Bao W, Liu B, Simonsen DW & Lehmler HJ 2020. Association between exposure to pyrethroid insecticides and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the general US adult population. JAMA Intern Med 180: 367–374.
-
25.
Park J, Park SK & Choi YH 2019. Environmental pyrethroid exposure and diabetes in U.S. adults. Environ Res 172: 399–407.
-
26.
Jones BL & Unsworth RKF 2020. The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa. Ambio 49: 1257–1267.
-
27.
RBM Partnership to End Malaria Social Behavior Change Communication Working Group , Alliance for Malaria Prevention Emerging Issues Working Group , RBM Partnership to End Malaria Vector Control Working Group LLIN Priorities Work Stream , 2018. Consensus Statement on Repurposing ITNs: Applications for BCC Messaging and Actions at the Country Level. Available at: https://www.vector-works.org/wp-content/uploads/Consensus-Statement-Repurposing-of-ITNs-2018-11-28.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2021.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1040 | 264 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 136 | 24 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 145 | 28 | 0 |