Author:
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1.
WHO , 2018. WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272364/9789241210218-eng.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
2.
Child JE , Reeal LA , 2007. Epidemiology. Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 143–144.
-
3.
Nguyen TH , 2013. Rabies in Vietnam: Opportunities and Challenges. Symposium of Multisetoral Conference on Rabies Control and Prevention. Hanoi, Vietnam: National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.
-
4.
Nguyen TTH , Hoang VT , Nguyen TH , 2013. Epidemiology of rabies in Vietnam, 2009–2011. J Prev Med (Wilmington) 7: 29–37.
-
5.
Thu P , 2014. 5 Million Dogs, 3 Billion Liters of Beer and 500,000 Tran Seals. Available at: https://baodatviet.vn/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/5-trieu-con-cho-3-ty-lit-bia-va-500000-an-den-tran-3001422/. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
6.
Nguyen AK et al., 2011. Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006–2009). Jpn J Infect Dis 64: 391–396.
-
7.
Jackson AC , 2007. Human disease. Jackson AC and Wunner WH, eds. Rabies 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 321–322.
-
8.
Smith JS , Yager PA , Baer GM , 1996. A rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) for determining rabies virus neutralizing antibody. Meslin FX, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H, eds. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies 4th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 181–191.
-
9.
Hodal K , 2013. How Eating Dog Became Big Business in Vietnam. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/27/eating-dog-vietnam-thailand-kate-hodal. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
10.
Four Paws , 2020. Report Advises on How to End the Dog and Cat Meat Trade in Southeast Asia. Available at: https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/news/report-advises-how-end-dog-and-cat-meat-trade-southeast-asia. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
11.
Bonito RF , de Oliveira NM , de Andrade Nishioka S , 2004. Adverse reactions associated with a Fuenzalida-Palacios rabies vaccine: a quasi-experimental study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 37: 7–9.
-
12.
Nguyen KA , Nguyen HT , Pham TN , Van KD , Hoang TV , Olowokure B , 2016. Knowledge of rabies prevention in Vietnamese public health and animal health workers. Zoonoses Public Health 63: 522–528.
-
13.
Anh VH , Huan DD , Cam NN , Kieu Anh NT , 2015. Knowledge, practice and factors related to rabies control and prevention of professional dog butchers in Sonloc ward, Sontay town, Hanoi City, 2012. J Prevent Med 25-3: 73–79.
-
14.
Wertheim HFL et al., 2009. Furious rabies after an atypical exposure. PLoS Med 6: 1–5.
-
15.
Matha IS , Salunke SR , 2005. Immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine used in the treatment of fox-bite victims in India. Clin Infect Dis 40: 611–613.
-
16.
Anh L , 2017. Stop Use of Fuenzalida Rabies Vaccine. Available at: https://dantri.com.vn/suc-khoe/tu-249-ngung-su-dung-vac-xin-dai-fuenzalida-1189929861.htm. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
17.
Preto AA , Gomes EM , Fernandes MJ , Hennig NA , Germano PML, 2000. Assessment of the plan for pre-exposition vaccination with Fuenzalida-Palacios anti-rabies vaccine. Braz Arch Biol Technol 43: 253–257.
-
18.
Garba A, Umoh J, Kazeem H, Dzikwi A, Ahmed M, Ogun A, Okewole P, Habib M, Zaharaddeen A, 2015. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in unvaccinated rabies occupational risk groups in Niger State, Nigeria. Int J Trop Dis Health 6: 64–72.
-
19.
Gilbert AT, Petersen BW, Recuenco S, Niezgoda M, Gómez J, Laguna-Torres VA, Rupprecht C, 2012. Evidence of rabies virus exposure among humans in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 206–215.
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Risk Factors and Protective Immunity Against Rabies in Unvaccinated Butchers Working at Dog Slaughterhouses in Northern Vietnam
Anh Kieu Thi Nguyen
Anh Kieu Thi Nguyen
Department of Imaging, Diagnostics and Testing, Hanoi Center for Disease Control, Hanoi, Vietnam;
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Anh Hoang Vu
Anh Hoang Vu
Department of Malaria, Parasite and Vector Borne Diseases, Hanoi Center for Disease Control, Hanoi, Vietnam;
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Thu Tuyet Nguyen
Thu Tuyet Nguyen
Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;
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Dong Vinh Nguyen
Dong Vinh Nguyen
Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;
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Giang Chau Ngo
Giang Chau Ngo
Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;
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Thai Quang Pham
Thai Quang Pham
Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam;
Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, IPMPH, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, IPMPH, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Satoshi Inoue
Satoshi Inoue
Department of Veterinary Science, Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan;
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Akira Nishizono
Akira Nishizono
Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan;
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ABSTRACT.
Vietnam is a rabies-endemic country where eating dog meat is customary. However, the risks of rabies transmission to dog slaughtering and processing workers have not been identified. This study aimed to determine the rabies neutralizing antibody (NTA) and risk factors in dog slaughterers to propose appropriate intervention methods for this occupational group. In 2016, a cross-sectional study on NTA against rabies virus and related factors was conducted among 406 professional dog slaughterers in Vietnam. The participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and their sera were tested for rabies NTA by a rapid focus fluorescence inhibition test. Statistical algorithms were used to analyze the data. The results showed that most of the professional dog butchers (344/406 subjects, 84.7%) had no rabies NTA. Interestingly, 7.8% (29/373) had NTA without a rabies vaccination history. Over 5 years of experience as a dog butcher was positively associated with the presence of NTA in unvaccinated individuals (OR = 6.16, P = 0.001). The NTA in vaccinated butchers was present in higher titer and for longer persistence to those of other previously reported professionals, which is possibly as a result of multiple exposures to low levels of rabies virus antigens during dog slaughtering. Our study demonstrated that professional dog butchers in Vietnam are at a high risk of rabies virus infection, apart from those with common bite experiences. In countries where dog meat consumption is customary, rabies control and prevention activities should focus on safety during dog trading and slaughtering.
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Author Notes
Financial support: This work was financially supported by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 106-YS.04-2014.04 and partly supported by grants-in-aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (JSPS; No. 16777220).
Authors’ addresses: Anh Kieu Thi Nguyen, Department of Imaging, Diagnostics and Testing, Hanoi Center for Disease Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mail: nkanhhp@yahoo.com. Anh Hoang Vu, Department of Malaria, Parasite and Vector Borne Diseases, Hanoi Center for Disease Control, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mail: hoanganhdphn@gmail.com. Thu Tuyet Nguyen, Dong Vinh Nguyen, and Giang Chau Ngo, Virology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mails: nihe.thutn@gmail.com, fareast3010@yahoo.com, and ncgiang81@yahoo.com. Thai Quang Pham, Department of Communicable Disease control, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam, and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, IPMPH, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietman, E-mail: phamquangthai@gmail.com. Satoshi Inoue, Department of Veterinary Science, Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: sinoue@nih.go.jp. Akira Nishizono, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan, E-mail: a24zono@oita-u.ac.jp.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2018. WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272364/9789241210218-eng.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
2.
Child JE , Reeal LA , 2007. Epidemiology. Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 143–144.
-
3.
Nguyen TH , 2013. Rabies in Vietnam: Opportunities and Challenges. Symposium of Multisetoral Conference on Rabies Control and Prevention. Hanoi, Vietnam: National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.
-
4.
Nguyen TTH , Hoang VT , Nguyen TH , 2013. Epidemiology of rabies in Vietnam, 2009–2011. J Prev Med (Wilmington) 7: 29–37.
-
5.
Thu P , 2014. 5 Million Dogs, 3 Billion Liters of Beer and 500,000 Tran Seals. Available at: https://baodatviet.vn/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/5-trieu-con-cho-3-ty-lit-bia-va-500000-an-den-tran-3001422/. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
6.
Nguyen AK et al., 2011. Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006–2009). Jpn J Infect Dis 64: 391–396.
-
7.
Jackson AC , 2007. Human disease. Jackson AC and Wunner WH, eds. Rabies 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 321–322.
-
8.
Smith JS , Yager PA , Baer GM , 1996. A rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) for determining rabies virus neutralizing antibody. Meslin FX, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H, eds. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies 4th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 181–191.
-
9.
Hodal K , 2013. How Eating Dog Became Big Business in Vietnam. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/27/eating-dog-vietnam-thailand-kate-hodal. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
10.
Four Paws , 2020. Report Advises on How to End the Dog and Cat Meat Trade in Southeast Asia. Available at: https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/news/report-advises-how-end-dog-and-cat-meat-trade-southeast-asia. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
11.
Bonito RF , de Oliveira NM , de Andrade Nishioka S , 2004. Adverse reactions associated with a Fuenzalida-Palacios rabies vaccine: a quasi-experimental study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 37: 7–9.
-
12.
Nguyen KA , Nguyen HT , Pham TN , Van KD , Hoang TV , Olowokure B , 2016. Knowledge of rabies prevention in Vietnamese public health and animal health workers. Zoonoses Public Health 63: 522–528.
-
13.
Anh VH , Huan DD , Cam NN , Kieu Anh NT , 2015. Knowledge, practice and factors related to rabies control and prevention of professional dog butchers in Sonloc ward, Sontay town, Hanoi City, 2012. J Prevent Med 25-3: 73–79.
-
14.
Wertheim HFL et al., 2009. Furious rabies after an atypical exposure. PLoS Med 6: 1–5.
-
15.
Matha IS , Salunke SR , 2005. Immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine used in the treatment of fox-bite victims in India. Clin Infect Dis 40: 611–613.
-
16.
Anh L , 2017. Stop Use of Fuenzalida Rabies Vaccine. Available at: https://dantri.com.vn/suc-khoe/tu-249-ngung-su-dung-vac-xin-dai-fuenzalida-1189929861.htm. Accessed March 23, 2020.
-
17.
Preto AA , Gomes EM , Fernandes MJ , Hennig NA , Germano PML, 2000. Assessment of the plan for pre-exposition vaccination with Fuenzalida-Palacios anti-rabies vaccine. Braz Arch Biol Technol 43: 253–257.
-
18.
Garba A, Umoh J, Kazeem H, Dzikwi A, Ahmed M, Ogun A, Okewole P, Habib M, Zaharaddeen A, 2015. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in unvaccinated rabies occupational risk groups in Niger State, Nigeria. Int J Trop Dis Health 6: 64–72.
-
19.
Gilbert AT, Petersen BW, Recuenco S, Niezgoda M, Gómez J, Laguna-Torres VA, Rupprecht C, 2012. Evidence of rabies virus exposure among humans in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 206–215.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2532 | 1463 | 59 |
| Full Text Views | 301 | 22 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 270 | 24 | 0 |