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-
1.
Ferkol T , Schraufnagel D , 2014. The global burden of respiratory disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11: 404–406.
-
2.
Iuliano AD et al., 2018. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet 391: 1285–1300.
-
3.
Wor ld Life Expectancy , 2017. Ghana: Influenza and Pneumonia. Available at: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/ghana-influenza-pneumonia. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
4.
Duque J , McMorrow ML , Cohen AL , 2014. Influenza vaccines and influenza antiviral drugs in Africa: are they available and do guidelines for their use exist? BMC Public Health 14: 41.
-
5.
Beck JM , Rosen MJ , Peavy HH , 2001. Pulmonary complications of HIV infection: report of the Fourth NHLBI Workshop. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 2120–2126.
-
6.
Cohen C et al.2015. Epidemiology of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) among adults and children aged ≥ 5 years in a high HIV-prevalence setting, 2009–2012. PLoS One 10: e0117716.
-
7.
Ho A et al.2018. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on the burden and severity of influenza illness in Malawian adults: a prospective cohort and parallel case–control study. Clin Infect Dis 66: 865–876.
-
8.
Safrin S , Rush JD , Mills J , 1990. Influenza in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 98: 33–37.
-
9.
Cohen C et al.2013. Severe influenza-associated respiratory infection in high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2009–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1766–1774.
-
10.
Korte S , Pettke A , Kossow A , Mellmann A , Willems S , Kipp F , 2016. Norovirus outbreak management: how much cohorting is necessary? J Hosp Infect 92: 259–262.
-
11.
Klein MB , Lu Y , DelBalso L , Cote S , Boivin G , 2007. Influenza virus infection is a primary cause of febrile respiratory illness in HIV-infected adults, despite vaccination. Nephrol Dial Transplant 45: 234–240.
-
12.
Ntiri MP et al.2016. Incidence of medically attended influenza among residents of Shai-Osudoku and Ningo-Prampram districts, Ghana, May 2013–April 2015. BMC Infect Dis 16: 757.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2009. CDC Protocol of Realtime RTPCR for Influenza A(H1N1). Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR_SwineH1Assay-2009_20090430.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
14.
Murri R et al., 2006. Is moderate HIV viremia associated with a higher risk of clinical progression in HIV-infected people treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Italian cohort of antiretroviral-naive patients study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41: 23–30.
-
15.
Em , ukule GO et al.2014. The burden of influenza and RSV among inpatients and outpatients in rural western Kenya, 2009–2012. PLoS One 9: e105543.
-
16.
Feikin DR et al.2012. Etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007–2010. PLoS One 7: e43656.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2017. Consolidated Guidelines on Person-Centred HIV Patient Monitoring and Case Surveillance. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255702/9789241512633-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
18.
Jambo KC et al.2012. Naturally-acquired influenza-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses are impaired in HIV-infected African adults. PLoS One 7: e38628.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2664 | 1912 | 88 |
| Full Text Views | 222 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 124 | 13 | 1 |
Incidence of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza among HIV-Infected versus HIV-Uninfected Individuals in Two Districts of Ghana, 2014 to 2016
Neha Balachandran
Neha Balachandran
Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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Michael Ntiri
Michael Ntiri
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
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Jazmin Duque
Jazmin Duque
Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
Battelle Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Battelle Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Christabel Addo
Christabel Addo
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
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Elijah Edu-Quansah
Elijah Edu-Quansah
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
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Edem Badji
Edem Badji
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
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Kennedy Brightson
Kennedy Brightson
Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana;
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Ekua Essumanma Houphouet
Ekua Essumanma Houphouet
University of Ghana Hospital, Legon, Ghana;
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Talla Nzussouo Ndahwouh
Talla Nzussouo Ndahwouh
Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
MassGenics, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
MassGenics, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Kwadwo Koram
Kwadwo Koram
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
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Meredith McMorrow
Meredith McMorrow
Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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William Ampofo
William Ampofo
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
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ABSTRACT.
Influenza is known to cause severe respiratory illness in HIV-infected adults, but there are few data describing the relationship between HIV infection and influenza in West African countries such as Ghana. We conducted a prospective cohort study in the Shai-Osudoku and Ningo Prampram districts of Ghana from 2014 to 2016. Beginning May 2014, 266 HIV-infected and 510 HIV-uninfected participants age 18 to 73 years were enrolled and monitored for 12 months. We observed 4 and 11 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons, respectively. The overall rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza among HIV-infected participants was 15.0 per 1,000 person years (PY) (95% CI, 0.3–29.80 per 1,000 PY), whereas that among HIV-uninfected participants was 21.6 per 1,000 PY (95% CI, 8.8–34.3 per 1,000 PY) (incidence density ratio, 0.70; P = 0.56). Our study found no significant difference in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated illness among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in Ghana.
Author Notes
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Financial support: This study was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. CDC (award no. U011P000607).
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the CDC.
Authors’ addresses: Neha Balachandran, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, and Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: nuu9@cdc.gov. Michael Ntiri, Christabel Addo, Elijah Edu-Quansah, Edem Badji, Kwadwo Koram, and William Ampofo, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, E-mails: mntiri@noguchi.ug.edu.gh, caddo@noguchi.ug.edu, ghpaaeliquansah@gmail.com, edembadji@yahoo.com, kkoram@noguchi.ug.edu.gh, and wampofo@noguchi.ug.edu.gh. Jazmin Duque, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, and Battelle Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: jazminduque@gmail.com. Kennedy Brightson, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana, E-mail: kbrightson@yahoo.com. Ekua Essumanma Houphouet, University of Ghana Hospital, Legon, Ghana, E-mail: ekuaa@yahoo.co.uk. Talla Nzussouo Ndahwouh, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, and MassGenics, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: tallus5@yahoo.fr. Meredith McMorrow, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: bwe3@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ferkol T , Schraufnagel D , 2014. The global burden of respiratory disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11: 404–406.
-
2.
Iuliano AD et al., 2018. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet 391: 1285–1300.
-
3.
Wor ld Life Expectancy , 2017. Ghana: Influenza and Pneumonia. Available at: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/ghana-influenza-pneumonia. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
4.
Duque J , McMorrow ML , Cohen AL , 2014. Influenza vaccines and influenza antiviral drugs in Africa: are they available and do guidelines for their use exist? BMC Public Health 14: 41.
-
5.
Beck JM , Rosen MJ , Peavy HH , 2001. Pulmonary complications of HIV infection: report of the Fourth NHLBI Workshop. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 2120–2126.
-
6.
Cohen C et al.2015. Epidemiology of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) among adults and children aged ≥ 5 years in a high HIV-prevalence setting, 2009–2012. PLoS One 10: e0117716.
-
7.
Ho A et al.2018. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on the burden and severity of influenza illness in Malawian adults: a prospective cohort and parallel case–control study. Clin Infect Dis 66: 865–876.
-
8.
Safrin S , Rush JD , Mills J , 1990. Influenza in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 98: 33–37.
-
9.
Cohen C et al.2013. Severe influenza-associated respiratory infection in high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2009–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1766–1774.
-
10.
Korte S , Pettke A , Kossow A , Mellmann A , Willems S , Kipp F , 2016. Norovirus outbreak management: how much cohorting is necessary? J Hosp Infect 92: 259–262.
-
11.
Klein MB , Lu Y , DelBalso L , Cote S , Boivin G , 2007. Influenza virus infection is a primary cause of febrile respiratory illness in HIV-infected adults, despite vaccination. Nephrol Dial Transplant 45: 234–240.
-
12.
Ntiri MP et al.2016. Incidence of medically attended influenza among residents of Shai-Osudoku and Ningo-Prampram districts, Ghana, May 2013–April 2015. BMC Infect Dis 16: 757.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2009. CDC Protocol of Realtime RTPCR for Influenza A(H1N1). Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR_SwineH1Assay-2009_20090430.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
14.
Murri R et al., 2006. Is moderate HIV viremia associated with a higher risk of clinical progression in HIV-infected people treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Italian cohort of antiretroviral-naive patients study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41: 23–30.
-
15.
Em , ukule GO et al.2014. The burden of influenza and RSV among inpatients and outpatients in rural western Kenya, 2009–2012. PLoS One 9: e105543.
-
16.
Feikin DR et al.2012. Etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007–2010. PLoS One 7: e43656.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2017. Consolidated Guidelines on Person-Centred HIV Patient Monitoring and Case Surveillance. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255702/9789241512633-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed June 3, 2021.
-
18.
Jambo KC et al.2012. Naturally-acquired influenza-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses are impaired in HIV-infected African adults. PLoS One 7: e38628.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2664 | 1912 | 88 |
| Full Text Views | 222 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 124 | 13 | 1 |