Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
United Nations , 2015. General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/1. Transforming Our World, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available at: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf. Accessed October 28, 2019.
-
2.
Shields KF , Bain RE , Cronk R , Wright JA , Bartram J , 2015. Association of supply type with fecal contamination of source water and household stored drinking water in developing countries: a bivariate meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 123: 1222–1231.
-
3.
UNICEF , WHO , 2020. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000-2017, 2019. Special Focus on Inequalities. New York, NY: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization. Accessed April 3, 2020.
-
4.
Chalchisa D , Megersa M , Beyene A , 2017. Assessment of the quality of drinking water in storage tanks and its implication on the safety of urban water supply in developing countries. Environ Syst Res 6: 12.
-
5.
Prüss-Ustün A , Wolf J , Bartram J , Clasen T , Cumming O , Freeman MC , Gordon B , Hunter PR , Medlicott K , Johnston R , 2019. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 222: 765–777.
-
6.
Null C et al. 2018. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 6: e316–e329.
-
7.
Wolf J et al. 2018. Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. Trop Med Int Health 23: 508–525.
-
8.
Aiello AE , Coulborn RM , Perez V , Larson EL , 2008. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 98: 1372–1381.
-
9.
WHO , 2013. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage: Manual for the Participant [Internet]. Manila, Philippines: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 131. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/household/en/. Accessed February 15, 2020.
-
10.
Harris M , Alzua ML , Osbert N , Pickering A , 2017. Community-level sanitation coverage more strongly associated with child growth and household drinking water quality than access to a private toilet in rural Mali. Environ Sci Technol 51: 7219–7227.
-
11.
Acosta CJ et al. 2001. Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission. Emerging Infect Dis 7: 583–587.
-
12.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [Tanzania] and ORC Macro , 2014. Tanzania Population and Housing Census 2012. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
-
13.
Ngorongoro District Council , 2017. Promary Health Care (PHC) Report 2016/2017.
-
14.
Løvschal M , Bøcher PK , Pilgaard J , Amoke I , Odingo A , Thuo A , Svenning JC , 2017. Fencing bodes a rapid collapse of the unique greater Mara ecosystem. Sci Rep 7: 41450.
-
15.
Kish L , 1965. Survey Sampling. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
-
16.
National Sanitation Management Information System (NSMIS) , 2018. Sanitation and Hygiene.
-
17.
Makela S , Si Y , Gelman A , 2018. Bayesian inference under cluster sampling with probability proportional to size. Stat Med 37: 3849–3868.
-
18.
WHO , UNICEF , 2018. Core Questions on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Household Surveys: 2018 Update. New York, NY: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization.
-
19.
United Nations Development Group , 2003. Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals. New York, NY: United Nations.
-
20.
WHO , 2010. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
21.
Hunter PR , MacDonald AM , Carter RC , 2010. Water supply and health. PLoS Med 7: e1000361.
-
22.
Onda K , LoBuglio J , Bartram J , 2012. Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 880–894.
-
23.
Montgomery M , Jones MW , Kabole I , Johnston R , Gordon B , 2018. No end to cholera without basic water, sanitation and hygiene. Bull World Health Organ 96: 371–371A.
-
24.
Taylor DL , Kahawita TM , Cairncross S , Ensink JH , 2015. The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to control cholera: a systematic review. PLoS One 10: e0135676.
-
25.
Thomas J , Holbro N , Young D , 2013. A review of sanitation and hygiene in Tanzania. Research Report. London, United Kingdom: DFID. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a2fed915d3cfd000628/tanzania-sanitationreview.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2020.
-
26.
Bartram J , Cairncross S , 2010. Hygiene, sanitation and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLos Med 7: 1000367–1000410.
-
27.
Sara S , Graham J , 2014. Ending open defecation in rural Tanzania: which factors facilitate latrine adoption? Int J Environ Res Public Health 11, 9854–9870.
-
28.
Mshida HA , Kassim N , Mpolya E , Kimanya M , 2018. Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices associated with nutritional status of under-five children in semi-pastoral communities Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1242–1249.
-
29.
Nangawe E , 1990. Experiences from the Maasai health services project in Tanzania. Streefland P , Chabot J , eds. Implementing primary health care; experiences since Alma-Ata. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute, 85–100.
-
30.
Thitu A , Kaseje M , Augustine A , 2016. Factors Influencing Latrine Coverage Among the Maasai of Ildamat Location Kajiado District. Developing Country Studies, 22–27.
-
31.
Kelly MP , Barker M , 2016. Why is changing health-related behaviour so difficult? Public Health 136: 109–116.
-
32.
McMichael C , Robinson P , 2016. Drivers of sustained hygiene behaviour change: a case study from mid-western Nepal. Soc Sci Med 163: 28–36.
-
33.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme , 2010. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2010 Update. Comparison of WASH Access Levels between the Richest and Poorest 20% of the Population.
-
34.
Angoua ELE , Dongo K , Templeton MR , Zinsstag J , Bonfoh B , 2018. Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS One 13: e0202928.
-
35.
Kessy F , Mahali R , 2017. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Tanzania: Access, Policy Trends and Financing. THDR 2017: Background paper No. 11. ESRF Discussion paper 72. Available at: http://thdr.or.tz/docs/THDR2017BP-11.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2019.
-
36.
Schmidt WP , Aunger R , Coombes Y , Maina PM , Matiko CN , Biran A , Curtis V , 2009. Determinants of hand washing practices in Kenya: the role of media exposure, poverty and infrastructure. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1534–1541.
-
37.
Uwimpuhwe M , Reddy P , Barratt G , Bux F , 2014. The impact of hygiene and localised treatment on the quality of drinking water in Masaka, Rwanda. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 49: 434–440.
-
38.
Johnson RC , Boni G , Barogui Y , Sopoh GE , Houndonougbo M , Anagonou E , Agossadou D , Diez G , Boko M , 2015. Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and associated factors in a Buruli ulcer endemic district in Benin (West Africa). BMC Public Health 15: 801.
-
39.
Routray P , Schmidt WP , Boisson S , Clasen T , Jenkins MW , 2015. Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal Odisha: an exploratory qualitative study. BMC Public Health 15: 880.
-
40.
Wasonga J , Okowa M , Kioli F , 2016. Sociocultural determinants to adoption of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Nyakach, Kisumu county, Kenya: a descriptive qualitative study. J Anthropol 2016: 7434328.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 15590 | 12870 | 653 |
| Full Text Views | 1666 | 34 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 587 | 40 | 2 |
Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania
Boniphace Jacob
Boniphace Jacob
Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (TFELTP), Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania;
Search for other papers by Boniphace Jacob in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Boniphace Jacob in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Method Kazaura
Method Kazaura
Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Search for other papers by Method Kazaura in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Method Kazaura in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT
Safe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Boniphace Jacob, Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (TFELTP), Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: mhabe.bj@gmail.com. Method Kazaura, Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: methodkazaura@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
United Nations , 2015. General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/1. Transforming Our World, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available at: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf. Accessed October 28, 2019.
-
2.
Shields KF , Bain RE , Cronk R , Wright JA , Bartram J , 2015. Association of supply type with fecal contamination of source water and household stored drinking water in developing countries: a bivariate meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 123: 1222–1231.
-
3.
UNICEF , WHO , 2020. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000-2017, 2019. Special Focus on Inequalities. New York, NY: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization. Accessed April 3, 2020.
-
4.
Chalchisa D , Megersa M , Beyene A , 2017. Assessment of the quality of drinking water in storage tanks and its implication on the safety of urban water supply in developing countries. Environ Syst Res 6: 12.
-
5.
Prüss-Ustün A , Wolf J , Bartram J , Clasen T , Cumming O , Freeman MC , Gordon B , Hunter PR , Medlicott K , Johnston R , 2019. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 222: 765–777.
-
6.
Null C et al. 2018. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 6: e316–e329.
-
7.
Wolf J et al. 2018. Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. Trop Med Int Health 23: 508–525.
-
8.
Aiello AE , Coulborn RM , Perez V , Larson EL , 2008. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 98: 1372–1381.
-
9.
WHO , 2013. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage: Manual for the Participant [Internet]. Manila, Philippines: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 131. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/household/en/. Accessed February 15, 2020.
-
10.
Harris M , Alzua ML , Osbert N , Pickering A , 2017. Community-level sanitation coverage more strongly associated with child growth and household drinking water quality than access to a private toilet in rural Mali. Environ Sci Technol 51: 7219–7227.
-
11.
Acosta CJ et al. 2001. Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission. Emerging Infect Dis 7: 583–587.
-
12.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [Tanzania] and ORC Macro , 2014. Tanzania Population and Housing Census 2012. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
-
13.
Ngorongoro District Council , 2017. Promary Health Care (PHC) Report 2016/2017.
-
14.
Løvschal M , Bøcher PK , Pilgaard J , Amoke I , Odingo A , Thuo A , Svenning JC , 2017. Fencing bodes a rapid collapse of the unique greater Mara ecosystem. Sci Rep 7: 41450.
-
15.
Kish L , 1965. Survey Sampling. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
-
16.
National Sanitation Management Information System (NSMIS) , 2018. Sanitation and Hygiene.
-
17.
Makela S , Si Y , Gelman A , 2018. Bayesian inference under cluster sampling with probability proportional to size. Stat Med 37: 3849–3868.
-
18.
WHO , UNICEF , 2018. Core Questions on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Household Surveys: 2018 Update. New York, NY: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization.
-
19.
United Nations Development Group , 2003. Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals. New York, NY: United Nations.
-
20.
WHO , 2010. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
21.
Hunter PR , MacDonald AM , Carter RC , 2010. Water supply and health. PLoS Med 7: e1000361.
-
22.
Onda K , LoBuglio J , Bartram J , 2012. Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 880–894.
-
23.
Montgomery M , Jones MW , Kabole I , Johnston R , Gordon B , 2018. No end to cholera without basic water, sanitation and hygiene. Bull World Health Organ 96: 371–371A.
-
24.
Taylor DL , Kahawita TM , Cairncross S , Ensink JH , 2015. The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to control cholera: a systematic review. PLoS One 10: e0135676.
-
25.
Thomas J , Holbro N , Young D , 2013. A review of sanitation and hygiene in Tanzania. Research Report. London, United Kingdom: DFID. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a2fed915d3cfd000628/tanzania-sanitationreview.pdf. Accessed August 5, 2020.
-
26.
Bartram J , Cairncross S , 2010. Hygiene, sanitation and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLos Med 7: 1000367–1000410.
-
27.
Sara S , Graham J , 2014. Ending open defecation in rural Tanzania: which factors facilitate latrine adoption? Int J Environ Res Public Health 11, 9854–9870.
-
28.
Mshida HA , Kassim N , Mpolya E , Kimanya M , 2018. Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices associated with nutritional status of under-five children in semi-pastoral communities Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1242–1249.
-
29.
Nangawe E , 1990. Experiences from the Maasai health services project in Tanzania. Streefland P , Chabot J , eds. Implementing primary health care; experiences since Alma-Ata. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute, 85–100.
-
30.
Thitu A , Kaseje M , Augustine A , 2016. Factors Influencing Latrine Coverage Among the Maasai of Ildamat Location Kajiado District. Developing Country Studies, 22–27.
-
31.
Kelly MP , Barker M , 2016. Why is changing health-related behaviour so difficult? Public Health 136: 109–116.
-
32.
McMichael C , Robinson P , 2016. Drivers of sustained hygiene behaviour change: a case study from mid-western Nepal. Soc Sci Med 163: 28–36.
-
33.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme , 2010. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2010 Update. Comparison of WASH Access Levels between the Richest and Poorest 20% of the Population.
-
34.
Angoua ELE , Dongo K , Templeton MR , Zinsstag J , Bonfoh B , 2018. Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS One 13: e0202928.
-
35.
Kessy F , Mahali R , 2017. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Tanzania: Access, Policy Trends and Financing. THDR 2017: Background paper No. 11. ESRF Discussion paper 72. Available at: http://thdr.or.tz/docs/THDR2017BP-11.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2019.
-
36.
Schmidt WP , Aunger R , Coombes Y , Maina PM , Matiko CN , Biran A , Curtis V , 2009. Determinants of hand washing practices in Kenya: the role of media exposure, poverty and infrastructure. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1534–1541.
-
37.
Uwimpuhwe M , Reddy P , Barratt G , Bux F , 2014. The impact of hygiene and localised treatment on the quality of drinking water in Masaka, Rwanda. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 49: 434–440.
-
38.
Johnson RC , Boni G , Barogui Y , Sopoh GE , Houndonougbo M , Anagonou E , Agossadou D , Diez G , Boko M , 2015. Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and associated factors in a Buruli ulcer endemic district in Benin (West Africa). BMC Public Health 15: 801.
-
39.
Routray P , Schmidt WP , Boisson S , Clasen T , Jenkins MW , 2015. Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal Odisha: an exploratory qualitative study. BMC Public Health 15: 880.
-
40.
Wasonga J , Okowa M , Kioli F , 2016. Sociocultural determinants to adoption of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Nyakach, Kisumu county, Kenya: a descriptive qualitative study. J Anthropol 2016: 7434328.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 15590 | 12870 | 653 |
| Full Text Views | 1666 | 34 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 587 | 40 | 2 |