Chow A et al. 2011. Persistent arthralgia induced by chikungunya virus infection is associated with interleukin-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Infect Dis 203: 149–157.
Ninla-Aesong P , Mitarnun W , Noipha K , 2020. Long-term persistence of chikungunya virus-associated manifestations and anti-chikungunya virus antibody in southern Thailand: 5 years after an outbreak in 2008–2009. Viral Immunol 33: 86–93.
Yoon IK et al. 2015. High rate of subclinical chikungunya virus infection and association of neutralizing antibody with protection in a prospective cohort in the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003764.
Chua CL , Sam IC , Chiam CW , Chan YF , 2017. The neutralizing role of IgM during early chikungunya virus infection. PLoS One 12: e0171989.
Kam YW , Simarmata D , Chow A , Her Z , Teng TS , Ong EKS , Rénia L , Leo YS , Ng LFP , 2012. Early appearance of neutralizing immunoglobulin G3 antibodies is associated with chikungunya virus clearance and long-term clinical protection. J Infect Dis 205: 1147–1154.
Kam YW et al. 2012. Early neutralizing IgG response to chikungunya virus in infected patients targets a dominant linear epitope on the E2 glycoprotein. EMBO Mol Med 4: 330–343.
Kam YW et al. 2012. Longitudinal analysis of the human antibody response to chikungunya virus infection: implications for serodiagnosis and vaccine development. J Virol 86: 13005–13015.
Verma P , Bhatnagar S , Kumar P , Chattree V , Parida MM , Hoti SL , Ali S , Rao DN , 2014. Analysis of antibody response (IgM, IgG, IgG3) to chikungunya virus using a panel of peptides derived from envelope protein for serodiagnosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 52: 297–307.
Nayak K et al. 2020. Antibody response patterns in chikungunya febrile phase predict protection versus progression to chronic arthritis. JCI Insight 5: e130509.
Bruhns P , Iannascoli B , England P , Mancardi DA , Fernandez N , Jorieux S , Daëron M , 2009. Specificity and affinity of human Fcγ receptors and their polymorphic variants for human IgG subclasses. Blood 113: 3716–3725.
Isa MB , Martínez L , Giordano M , Zapata M , Passeggi C , De Wolff MC , Nates S , 2001. Measles virus-specific immunoglobulin G isotype immune response in early and late infections. J Clin Microbiol 39: 170–174.
McHeyzer-Williams M , Okitsu S , Wang N , McHeyzer-Williams L , 2012. Molecular programming of B cell memory. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 24–34.
Aranburu A et al. 2017. Human B-cell memory is shaped by age- and tissue-specific T-independent and GC-dependent events. Eur J Immunol 47: 327–344.
Pichichero ME , 2014. Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children. Vaccine 32: 3886–3894.
Patil HP , Rane PS , Gosavi M , Mishra AC , Arankalle VA , 2020. Standardization of ELISA for anti-chikungunya-IgG antibodies and age-stratified prevalence of anti-chikungunya-IgG antibodies in Pune, India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 39: 1925–1932.
Mishra AC , Arankalle VA , Gadhave S , Mahadik P , Shrivastava S , Bhutkar M , Vaidya VM , 2018. Stratified sero-prevalence revealed overall high disease burden of dengue but suboptimal immunity in younger age groups in Pune, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006657.
Yergolkar PN , Tandale BV , Arankalle VA , Sathe PS , Sudeep AB , Gandhe SS , Gokhle MD , Jacob GP , Hundekar SL , Mishra AC , 2006. Chikungunya outbreaks caused by African genotype, India. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1580–1583.
Hofmeister Y , Planitzer CB , Farcet MR , Teschner W , Butterweck HA , Weber A , Holzer GW , Kreil TR , 2011. Human IgG subclasses: in vitro neutralization of and in vivo protection against West Nile virus. J Virol 85: 1896–1899.
Isa MB , Martínez L , Giordano M , Passeggi C , De Wolff MC , Nates S , 2002. Comparison of immunoglobulin G subclass profiles induced by measles virus in vaccinated and naturally infected individuals. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 693–697.
Simon AK , Hollander GA , Mcmichael A , Mcmichael A , 2015. Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282: 1–12.
Nachbagauer R , Choi A , Izikson R , Cox MM , Palese P , Krammer F , 2016. Age dependence and isotype specificity of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies in humans. MBio 7: 1–10.
Vidarsson G , Dekkers G , Rispens T , 2014. IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. Front Immunol 5(OCT): 1–17.
Jounai N et al. 2017. Age-specific profiles of antibody responses against respiratory syncytial virus infection. EBioMedicine 16: 124–135.
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Current chikungunya antibody prevalence and titers are likely to differ based on the exposure rates before the 2006 reemergence in India. For vaccine usage, such data are of immense importance. This study addresses age-stratified IgG titers and its subtypes in Pune, India, endemic for the disease. 170 age-stratified serum pools from 791 individuals with prior chikungunya exposure, and 15 samples from acute disease phase were analyzed. An indirect ELISA based on inactivated chikungunya virus was used to determine anti-CHIKV-IgG and its subtypes. Neutralizing antibody titers (plaque reduction neutralization test [PRNT]) were compared with binding antibody titers (ELISA). Anti–CHIKV-IgG titers along with IgG1 and IgG4 increased till the age-group of until 11–15 years and remained comparable thereafter till > 65 years. IgG1 was the predominant IgG subtype detected in all the pools, whereas IgG4 was present in 151/170 pools. Strong positive correlation of IgG1 was obtained with CHIKV–PRNT50 titers. None of the sample had anti–CHIKV-IgG2, whereas five pools had IgG3 antibody. In the acute-phase serum sample, IgG1 was present in all the samples, whereas IgG4 was present in 8/15 samples. IgG4 was predominant in four samples. During acute phase and at different times postinfection, IgG1 circulated in high titers followed by IgG4. Higher antibody titers in adults reflect reexposures. The data will prove useful in assessing immune response to CHIKV vaccine in relation to IgG subtype.
Disclosure: Samples from the study “Establishment of a novel Electronic Surveillance System for DENV in Pune: an initiative for Smart Cities Mission” funded by Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, New Delhi, were used in this study.
Authors’ addresses: Harshad P. Patil, Mrunal Gosavi, Akhilesh C. Mishra, and Vidya A. Arankalle, Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Pune, India, E-mails: harshad.patil@bharatividyapeeth.edu, mrunalgosavi1993@gmail.com, acm1750@gmail.com, and varankalle@yahoo.com.
Chow A et al. 2011. Persistent arthralgia induced by chikungunya virus infection is associated with interleukin-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Infect Dis 203: 149–157.
Ninla-Aesong P , Mitarnun W , Noipha K , 2020. Long-term persistence of chikungunya virus-associated manifestations and anti-chikungunya virus antibody in southern Thailand: 5 years after an outbreak in 2008–2009. Viral Immunol 33: 86–93.
Yoon IK et al. 2015. High rate of subclinical chikungunya virus infection and association of neutralizing antibody with protection in a prospective cohort in the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003764.
Chua CL , Sam IC , Chiam CW , Chan YF , 2017. The neutralizing role of IgM during early chikungunya virus infection. PLoS One 12: e0171989.
Kam YW , Simarmata D , Chow A , Her Z , Teng TS , Ong EKS , Rénia L , Leo YS , Ng LFP , 2012. Early appearance of neutralizing immunoglobulin G3 antibodies is associated with chikungunya virus clearance and long-term clinical protection. J Infect Dis 205: 1147–1154.
Kam YW et al. 2012. Early neutralizing IgG response to chikungunya virus in infected patients targets a dominant linear epitope on the E2 glycoprotein. EMBO Mol Med 4: 330–343.
Kam YW et al. 2012. Longitudinal analysis of the human antibody response to chikungunya virus infection: implications for serodiagnosis and vaccine development. J Virol 86: 13005–13015.
Verma P , Bhatnagar S , Kumar P , Chattree V , Parida MM , Hoti SL , Ali S , Rao DN , 2014. Analysis of antibody response (IgM, IgG, IgG3) to chikungunya virus using a panel of peptides derived from envelope protein for serodiagnosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 52: 297–307.
Nayak K et al. 2020. Antibody response patterns in chikungunya febrile phase predict protection versus progression to chronic arthritis. JCI Insight 5: e130509.
Bruhns P , Iannascoli B , England P , Mancardi DA , Fernandez N , Jorieux S , Daëron M , 2009. Specificity and affinity of human Fcγ receptors and their polymorphic variants for human IgG subclasses. Blood 113: 3716–3725.
Isa MB , Martínez L , Giordano M , Zapata M , Passeggi C , De Wolff MC , Nates S , 2001. Measles virus-specific immunoglobulin G isotype immune response in early and late infections. J Clin Microbiol 39: 170–174.
McHeyzer-Williams M , Okitsu S , Wang N , McHeyzer-Williams L , 2012. Molecular programming of B cell memory. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 24–34.
Aranburu A et al. 2017. Human B-cell memory is shaped by age- and tissue-specific T-independent and GC-dependent events. Eur J Immunol 47: 327–344.
Pichichero ME , 2014. Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children. Vaccine 32: 3886–3894.
Patil HP , Rane PS , Gosavi M , Mishra AC , Arankalle VA , 2020. Standardization of ELISA for anti-chikungunya-IgG antibodies and age-stratified prevalence of anti-chikungunya-IgG antibodies in Pune, India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 39: 1925–1932.
Mishra AC , Arankalle VA , Gadhave S , Mahadik P , Shrivastava S , Bhutkar M , Vaidya VM , 2018. Stratified sero-prevalence revealed overall high disease burden of dengue but suboptimal immunity in younger age groups in Pune, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006657.
Yergolkar PN , Tandale BV , Arankalle VA , Sathe PS , Sudeep AB , Gandhe SS , Gokhle MD , Jacob GP , Hundekar SL , Mishra AC , 2006. Chikungunya outbreaks caused by African genotype, India. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1580–1583.
Hofmeister Y , Planitzer CB , Farcet MR , Teschner W , Butterweck HA , Weber A , Holzer GW , Kreil TR , 2011. Human IgG subclasses: in vitro neutralization of and in vivo protection against West Nile virus. J Virol 85: 1896–1899.
Isa MB , Martínez L , Giordano M , Passeggi C , De Wolff MC , Nates S , 2002. Comparison of immunoglobulin G subclass profiles induced by measles virus in vaccinated and naturally infected individuals. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 693–697.
Simon AK , Hollander GA , Mcmichael A , Mcmichael A , 2015. Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282: 1–12.
Nachbagauer R , Choi A , Izikson R , Cox MM , Palese P , Krammer F , 2016. Age dependence and isotype specificity of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies in humans. MBio 7: 1–10.
Vidarsson G , Dekkers G , Rispens T , 2014. IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. Front Immunol 5(OCT): 1–17.
Jounai N et al. 2017. Age-specific profiles of antibody responses against respiratory syncytial virus infection. EBioMedicine 16: 124–135.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1176 | 50 | 19 |
Full Text Views | 340 | 190 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 152 | 61 | 0 |