Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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1.
Shapiro BI , Gebru G , Desta S , Nigussie K , 2017. Rwanda Livestock Master Plan. Available at: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa172923.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2020.
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2.
Dean AS , Crump L , Greter H , Hattendorf J , Schelling E , Zinsstag J , 2013. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 612: e1929.
-
3.
McDermott JJ , Arimi SM , 2002. Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact. Vet Microbiol 90: 111–134.
-
4.
McDermott JJ , Deng KA , Jayatileka TN , EL Jack MA , 1987. Cross-sectional cattle disease study in Kongor rural council, Southern Sudan. II. Brucellosis in cows: associated factors, impact on production and disease control considerations. Prev Vet Med 5: 125–132.
-
5.
Megersa B , Biffa D , Abunna F , Regassa A , Godfroid J , Skjerve E , 2011. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its contribution to abortion in cattle, camel, and goat kept under pastoral management in Borana, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 43: 651–656.
-
6.
Rujeni N , Mbanzamihigo L , 2014. Prevalence of brucellosis among women presenting with abortion/stillbirth in Huye, Rwanda. J Trop Med 2014: 1–3.
-
7.
Gafirita J et al. 2017. Seroprevalence of brucellosis among patients attending a district hospital in Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 831–835.
-
8.
Chatikobo P , Manzi M , Kagarama J , Rwemarika JD , Umunezero O , 2008. The prevalence of bovine brucellosis in milking dairy herds in Nyagatare and its implications on dairy productivity and public health. The 3rd International Conference on Appropriate Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Kigali, Republic of Rwanda Kigali, Republic of Rwanda: The Ministry in the Office of the President in Charge of Science and Technology, 247–255. Available at: http://www.dcmetrosftp.org/appropriate%20tech/AT%20articles/Proceedings3 rdInternationalConference OnAppropriateTechnologyRwanda2008.pdf.
-
9.
Manishimwe R , Ntaganda J , Habimana R , Nishimwe K , Byukusenge M , Dutuze F , de Dieu Ayabagabo J , Umurerwa L , Rukundo JC , 2015. Comparison between rose bengal plate test and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect bovine brucellosis in Kigali city. Rwanda J Vet Sci Technol 6: 1.
-
10.
Ndazigaruye G , Mushonga B , Kandiwa E , Samkange A , Segwagwe BE , 2018. Prevalence and risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity in cattle in Nyagatare district, Eastern province, Rwanda. J South Afr Vet Assoc 89: a1625.
-
11.
Stärk KDS , Regula G , Hernandez JA , Knopf L , Fuchs L , Morris RS , 2006. Concepts for risk-based surveillance in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary public health. BMC Health Serv Res 6: 20.
-
12.
Gall D , Nielsen K , 2004. Serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis: a review of test performance and cost comparison. Revue Scientifique Tech 23: 989–1002.
-
13.
AusVet Animal Health Services , 2015. Calculate Confidence Limits for a Population Proportion. Available at: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au/content.php?page=CIProportion.
-
14.
Hosmer DW , Lemeshow S , 2000. Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, John Wiley and Sons.
-
15.
Makita K , Fèvre EM , Waiswa C , Eisler MC , Thrusfield M , Welburn SC , 2011. Herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis and analysis of risk factors in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of the Kampala economic zone, Uganda. BMC Public Health 7: 1–8.
-
16.
Ebrahim WOMK , Elfadil AAM , Elgadal AA , Shuaib YA , 2016. Seroprevalence and risk factors of anti-brucella antibodies in cattle in Khartoum State, the Sudan. J Adv Vet Anim Res 3: 134–144.
-
17.
Rikin EU , 1988. Brucellosis of cattle in Nigeria. Proposals for a control under intensive and extensive husbandry systems. Acta Vet Scand 84: 94–97.
-
18.
Mai HM , Irons PC , Kabair J , Thompson PN , 2012. A large seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle herds under diverse production systems in northern Nigeria. BMC Vet Res 8: 144.
-
19.
Muma JB , Munyeme M , Samui KL , Skejerve E , Oloya BC , 2007. Risk factors for brucellosis in indigenous cattle reared in livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zambia. Prev Vet Med 80: 306–317.
-
20.
Gomo C , de Garine-Wichatitsky M , Caron A , Mubika-Pfukenyi D , 2012. Survey of brucellosis at the wildlife–livestock interface on the Zimbabwean side of the great limpopo transfrontier Conservation area. Trop Anim Health Prod 44: 77–85.
-
21.
Magona JW , Walubengo J , Galiwango T , Etoori A , 2009. Seroprevalence and potential risk of bovine brucellosis in zero-grazing and pastoral dairy systems in Uganda. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 41: 1765–1771.
-
22.
Dohoo I , Martin W , Stryhn H , 2009. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, 2nd edition. Prince Edward Island, Canada: VER, Inc.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 3345 | 2334 | 63 |
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Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Exposure to Brucella Spp. in Dairy Cattle in Three Different Agroecological Zones in Rwanda
David Kiiza
David Kiiza
Heifer Project International, Kigali, Rwanda;
Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Savino Biryomumaisho
Savino Biryomumaisho
Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;
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Ian D. Robertson
Ian D. Robertson
School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia;
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Jorge A. Hernandez
Jorge A. Hernandez
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, Gainesville, Florida
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University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, Gainesville, Florida
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ABSTRACT
Livestock production is a key element for poverty alleviation, food security, and economic growth in Rwanda. In 2017, the national average milk production per cow was about 2.5 L per day; in 2020–2021, it is projected to increase to 3.5 L per day if improvement interventions including those designed to reduce the burden of brucellosis in cattle are implemented. The objective of the study reported here was to estimate the seroprevalence of and identify risk factors associated with dairy farms and cattle classified as seropositive to Brucella spp. in three different agroecological zones in Rwanda. Most study farms (40/85 or 47%) had one head of cattle only. Using the Rose Bengal test, the seroprevalence of brucellosis was 28/85 or 33% (95% CI = 24%, 43%) at the farm level and 63/465 or 14% (95% CI = 11%, 17%) at the animal level. Using logistic regression, at the farm level, the presence of seropositive cattle was associated with herd size (2–45 cattle, odds ratio = 21.2; 95% CI = 2.4, 184.5) (46–220 cattle, OR = 288.5; 95% CI = 24.3, 3,423.1) compared to farms with one animal, after controlling for main breed (local breeds, crossbreeds) on the farm. In addition, the odds of testing seropositive were 10.7 (95% CI = 2.3, 49.1) and 149.5 (95% CI = 19.3, 1,158.7) times higher in farms in Nyabihu district and Nyagatare district, respectively, than in farms in Muhanga district, after controlling for main breed on the farm. The odds of seropositivity to Brucella spp. were 2.8 times higher in farms with mostly local breeds, than in those with mostly crossbreeds; but the association was confounded by herd size and geographic location. At the animal level, the odds of seropositivity to Brucella spp. were 2.6 times higher in adult cattle than in young cattle (95% CI = 1.1, 6.3). Finally, we observed a high frequency of adult cattle (86%) and a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in adult cattle (25%) in Nyagatare; an indication that, in the absence of culling and other control measures, Brucella spp. infection pressure can be relatively constant and a steady source of disease transmission in pastoral systems in that district.
Author Notes
Disclosure: Supporting information Excel file with data is available on request.
Financial support: This study was funded in part by the Rwanda Agriculture Board through the Directorate of Animal Resources and AusAID.
Authors’ addresses: David Kiiza, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resource Development Board (RAB), Animal Resources, Kigali, Rwanda, and Capacity Development Consultants Limited, Livestock Value Chain, Kigali, Rwanda, E-mail: dkiiza07@yahoo.com. Savino Biryomumaisho, Veterinary Pharmacy, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: sbiryomumaish15@gmail.com. Ian D. Robertson, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, E-mail: i.robertson@murdoch.edu. Jorge A. Hernandez, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: hernandezja@ufl.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Shapiro BI , Gebru G , Desta S , Nigussie K , 2017. Rwanda Livestock Master Plan. Available at: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa172923.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2020.
-
2.
Dean AS , Crump L , Greter H , Hattendorf J , Schelling E , Zinsstag J , 2013. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 612: e1929.
-
3.
McDermott JJ , Arimi SM , 2002. Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact. Vet Microbiol 90: 111–134.
-
4.
McDermott JJ , Deng KA , Jayatileka TN , EL Jack MA , 1987. Cross-sectional cattle disease study in Kongor rural council, Southern Sudan. II. Brucellosis in cows: associated factors, impact on production and disease control considerations. Prev Vet Med 5: 125–132.
-
5.
Megersa B , Biffa D , Abunna F , Regassa A , Godfroid J , Skjerve E , 2011. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its contribution to abortion in cattle, camel, and goat kept under pastoral management in Borana, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 43: 651–656.
-
6.
Rujeni N , Mbanzamihigo L , 2014. Prevalence of brucellosis among women presenting with abortion/stillbirth in Huye, Rwanda. J Trop Med 2014: 1–3.
-
7.
Gafirita J et al. 2017. Seroprevalence of brucellosis among patients attending a district hospital in Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 831–835.
-
8.
Chatikobo P , Manzi M , Kagarama J , Rwemarika JD , Umunezero O , 2008. The prevalence of bovine brucellosis in milking dairy herds in Nyagatare and its implications on dairy productivity and public health. The 3rd International Conference on Appropriate Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Kigali, Republic of Rwanda Kigali, Republic of Rwanda: The Ministry in the Office of the President in Charge of Science and Technology, 247–255. Available at: http://www.dcmetrosftp.org/appropriate%20tech/AT%20articles/Proceedings3 rdInternationalConference OnAppropriateTechnologyRwanda2008.pdf.
-
9.
Manishimwe R , Ntaganda J , Habimana R , Nishimwe K , Byukusenge M , Dutuze F , de Dieu Ayabagabo J , Umurerwa L , Rukundo JC , 2015. Comparison between rose bengal plate test and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect bovine brucellosis in Kigali city. Rwanda J Vet Sci Technol 6: 1.
-
10.
Ndazigaruye G , Mushonga B , Kandiwa E , Samkange A , Segwagwe BE , 2018. Prevalence and risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity in cattle in Nyagatare district, Eastern province, Rwanda. J South Afr Vet Assoc 89: a1625.
-
11.
Stärk KDS , Regula G , Hernandez JA , Knopf L , Fuchs L , Morris RS , 2006. Concepts for risk-based surveillance in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary public health. BMC Health Serv Res 6: 20.
-
12.
Gall D , Nielsen K , 2004. Serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis: a review of test performance and cost comparison. Revue Scientifique Tech 23: 989–1002.
-
13.
AusVet Animal Health Services , 2015. Calculate Confidence Limits for a Population Proportion. Available at: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au/content.php?page=CIProportion.
-
14.
Hosmer DW , Lemeshow S , 2000. Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, John Wiley and Sons.
-
15.
Makita K , Fèvre EM , Waiswa C , Eisler MC , Thrusfield M , Welburn SC , 2011. Herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis and analysis of risk factors in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of the Kampala economic zone, Uganda. BMC Public Health 7: 1–8.
-
16.
Ebrahim WOMK , Elfadil AAM , Elgadal AA , Shuaib YA , 2016. Seroprevalence and risk factors of anti-brucella antibodies in cattle in Khartoum State, the Sudan. J Adv Vet Anim Res 3: 134–144.
-
17.
Rikin EU , 1988. Brucellosis of cattle in Nigeria. Proposals for a control under intensive and extensive husbandry systems. Acta Vet Scand 84: 94–97.
-
18.
Mai HM , Irons PC , Kabair J , Thompson PN , 2012. A large seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle herds under diverse production systems in northern Nigeria. BMC Vet Res 8: 144.
-
19.
Muma JB , Munyeme M , Samui KL , Skejerve E , Oloya BC , 2007. Risk factors for brucellosis in indigenous cattle reared in livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zambia. Prev Vet Med 80: 306–317.
-
20.
Gomo C , de Garine-Wichatitsky M , Caron A , Mubika-Pfukenyi D , 2012. Survey of brucellosis at the wildlife–livestock interface on the Zimbabwean side of the great limpopo transfrontier Conservation area. Trop Anim Health Prod 44: 77–85.
-
21.
Magona JW , Walubengo J , Galiwango T , Etoori A , 2009. Seroprevalence and potential risk of bovine brucellosis in zero-grazing and pastoral dairy systems in Uganda. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 41: 1765–1771.
-
22.
Dohoo I , Martin W , Stryhn H , 2009. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, 2nd edition. Prince Edward Island, Canada: VER, Inc.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3345 | 2334 | 63 |
| Full Text Views | 459 | 31 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 271 | 35 | 2 |