ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Manne-Goehler J , Umeh CA , Montgomery SP , Wirtz VJ , 2016. Estimating the burden of chagas disease in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005033.
-
2.
Montgomery SP , Parise ME , Dotson EM , Bialek SR , 2016. What do we know about Chagas disease in the United States? Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 1225–1227.
-
3.
Stimpert KK , Montgomery SP , 2010. Physician awareness of Chagas disease, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 871–872.
-
4.
Verani JR , Montgomery SP , Schulkin J , Anderson B , Jones JL , 2010. Survey of obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States about Chagas disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 891–895.
-
5.
FDA News Release , 2017. FDA approves first U.S. treatment for Chagas disease. FDA. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-us-treatment-chagas-disease. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
6.
FDA Approved Drugs , 2020. LAMPIT (Nifurtimox) Label. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=213464. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
7.
Noazin S et al. 2018. Trypomastigote Excretory Secretory Antigen (TESA) blot is associated in neonates with parasite load and detects congenital T. cruzi infection using anti-SAPA IgM. J Infect Dis 219: 609–618.
-
8.
Messenger LA et al. 2017. Toward improving early diagnosis of congenital chagas disease in an endemic setting. Clin Infect Dis 65: 268–275.
-
9.
Qvarnstrom Y , Schijman AG , Veron V , Aznar C , Steurer F , da Silva AJ , 2012. Sensitive and specific detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in clinical specimens using a multi-target real-time PCR approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1689.
-
10.
Schijman AG et al. 2011. International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samples from chagas disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e931.
-
11.
Castro A , Luquetti A , Rassi A , Rassi G , Chiari E , Galvão L , 2002. Blood culture and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of the chronic phase of human infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 88: 894–900.
-
12.
Ortho Clinical Diagnostics , 2007. 510(k) Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary. White Oak, MD: Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/K072732.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
13.
Hemagen Chagas’ Kit (EIA Method) , 2009. Device Insert. Available at: http://www.hemagen.com. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
14.
Wiener Laboratories S.A.I.C . 2002. 510(k) Summary. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
15.
InBios Chagas Detect™ Plus Rapid Test , 2019. 510(k) Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary. White Oak, MD: Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/K161947.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
16.
Porrás AI et al. 2015. Target product profile (TPP) for Chagas disease point-of-care diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003697.
-
17.
Sánchez-Camargo CL et al. 2014. Comparative evaluation of 11 commercialized rapid diagnostic tests for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in serum banks in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity. J Clin Microbiol 52: 2506–2512.
-
18.
do Brasil PEAA , Castro R , de Castro L , 2016. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay versus polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of chronic chagas disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 111: 1–19.
-
19.
Afonso AM , Ebell MH , Tarleton RL , 2012. A systematic review of high quality diagnostic tests for chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1881.
-
20.
Shah V et al. 2014. Field evaluation of the InBios Chagas detect plus rapid test in serum and whole-blood specimens in Bolivia. Clin Vaccin Immunol 21: 1645–1649.
-
21.
Whitman JD , Bulman CA , Gunderson EL , Irish AM , Townsend RL , Stramer SL , Sakanari JA , Bern C , 2019. Chagas disease serological test performance in United States blood donor specimens. J Clin Microbiol 57: e01217–e01219.
-
22.
Castro-Sesquen YE et al. 2020. Use of a latent class analysis in the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease in the Washington Metropolitan area. Clin Infect Dis 71: ciaa1101.
-
23.
Manne-Goehler J et al. 2018. The results of a primary care-based screening program for Trypanosoma cruzi in east Boston, Massachusetts. Open Forum Infect Dis 5: S166.
-
24.
Manne-Goehler J et al. 2019. 1665. The cascade of care for the strong hearts chagas disease screening and treatment program in east Boston, Massachusetts. Open Forum Infect Dis 6: S609.
-
25.
Meymandi SK , Forsyth CJ , Soverow J , Hernandez S , Sanchez D , Montgomery SP , Traina M , 2017. Prevalence of chagas disease in the Latin American–born population of Los Angeles. Clin Infect Dis 64: 1182–1188.
-
26.
Verani J et al. 2009. Geographic variation in the sensitivity of recombinant antigen-based rapid tests for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 410–415.
-
27.
Guzmán-Gómez D , López-Monteon A , de la Soledad Lagunes-Castro M , Álvarez-Martínez C , Hernández-Lutzon MJ , Dumonteil E , Ramos-Ligonio A , 2015. Highly discordant serology against Trypanosoma cruzi in central Veracruz, Mexico: role of the antigen used for diagnostic. Parasit Vectors 8: 466.
-
28.
Pan American Health Organization , 2019. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chagas Disease .Available at: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/49653/9789275120439_eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y. 2019. Accessed October 11, 2020.
-
29.
Manne-Goehler J , Reich MR , Wirtz VJ , 2015. Access to care for Chagas disease in the United States: a health systems analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 108–113.
-
30.
Forsyth C , Meymandi S , Moss I , Cone J , Cohen R , Batista C , 2019. Proposed multidimensional framework for understanding Chagas disease healthcare barriers in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007447.
-
31.
ABBOTT PRISM Chagas , 2010. Trypanosoma cruzi (E coli, recombinant) antigen. Package Insert. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/blood-donor-screening/abbott-prism-chagas. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
32.
ORTHO T. cruzi ELISA Test System , 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. Cruzi) Whole Cell Lysate Antigen. Package Insert. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/77498/download. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
33.
ABBOTT ESA Chagas , 2020. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. Cruzi) (E. coli, Recombinant) Antigen. Package Insert. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/116579/download. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
34.
Pérez-Molina JA , Molina I , 2018. Chagas disease. Lancet 391: 82–94.
-
35.
Carlier Y , Altcheh J , Angheben A , Freilij H , Luquetti AO , Schijman AG , Segovia M , Wagner N , Albajar Vinas P , 2019. Congenital Chagas disease: updated recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of newborns and siblings, girls, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007694.
-
36.
Russomando G , De Tomassone MM , De Guillen I , Acosta N , Vera N , Almiron M , Candia N , Calcena MF , Figueredo A , 1998. Treatment of congenital Chagas disease diagnosed and followed up by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 487–491.
-
37.
Morillo CA et al. 2015. Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic chagas’ cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 373: 1295–1306.
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38.
Molina I et al. 2014. Randomized trial of posaconazole and benznidazole for chronic Chagas’ disease. N Engl J Med 370: 1899–1908.
-
39.
Murcia L , Carrilero B , Muñoz MJ , Iborra MA , Segovia M , 2010. Usefulness of PCR for monitoring benznidazole response in patients with chronic Chagas’ disease: a prospective study in a non-disease-endemic country. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 1759–1764.
-
40.
Sánchez LV , Bautista DC , Corredor AF , Herrera VM , Martinez LX , Villar JC , Ramírez JD , 2013. Temporal variation of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in asymptomatic Chagas disease patients. Microbes Infect 15: 745–748.
-
41.
Bern C et al. 2007. Evaluation and treatment of Chagas disease in the United States - a systematic review. JAMA 298: 2171–2181.
-
42.
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-
43.
Forsyth CJ , Hernandez S , Olmedo W , Abuhamidah A , Traina MI , Sanchez DR , Soverow J , Meymandi SK , 2016. Safety profile of nifurtimox for treatment of chagas disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 63: 1056–1062.
-
44.
Miller DA , Hernandez S , Rodriguez De Armas L , Eells SJ , Traina MM , Miller LG , Meymandi SK , 2015. Tolerance of benznidazole in a United States chagas disease clinic. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1237–1240.
-
45.
Meymandi S , Hernandez S , Park S , Sanchez DR , Forsyth C , 2018. Treatment of chagas disease in the United States. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 10: 373–388.
-
46.
Bhattacharyya T et al. 2018. Severity of chagasic cardiomyopathy is associated with response to a novel rapid diagnostic test for Trypanosoma cruzi TcII/V/VI. Clin Infect Dis 67: 519–524.
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Ferreira LRP et al. 2017. Blood gene signatures of chagas cardiomyopathy with or without ventricular dysfunction. J Infect Dis 215: 387–395.
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Scriba TJ et al. 2017. Sequential inflammatory processes define human progression from M. tuberculosis infection to tuberculosis disease. PLoS Pathog 13: 1–24.
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Chagas Disease in the United States: A Perspective on Diagnostic Testing Limitations and Next Steps
Natasha S. Hochberg
Natasha S. Hochberg
Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Alyse Wheelock
Alyse Wheelock
Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Davidson H. Hamer
Davidson H. Hamer
Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Rachel Marcus
Rachel Marcus
Latin American Society of Chagas (LASOCHA), Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Melissa S. Nolan
Melissa S. Nolan
Department of Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
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Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
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Sheba Meymandi
Sheba Meymandi
Center of Excellence for Chagas Disease at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, California;
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Robert H. Gilman
Robert H. Gilman
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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ABSTRACT
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease that affects an estimated 300,000 people in the United States. This perspective piece reviews diagnostic challenges and proposes next steps to address these shortfalls.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Natasha S. Hochberg, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, E-mail: nhoch@bu.edu. Alyse Wheelock, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, E-mail: alyse.wheelock@bmc.org. Davidson H. Hamer, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Center for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, and Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, E-mail: dhamer@bu.edu. Rachel Marcus, Latin American Society of Chagas (LASOCHA), Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: rmarcus_99@yahoo.com. Melissa S. Nolan, Department of Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, E-mail: msnolan@mailbox.sc.edu. Sheba Meymandi, Center of Excellence for Chagas Disease at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, E-mail: smeymandi@dhs.lacounty.gov. Robert H. Gilman, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: gilmanbob@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Manne-Goehler J , Umeh CA , Montgomery SP , Wirtz VJ , 2016. Estimating the burden of chagas disease in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005033.
-
2.
Montgomery SP , Parise ME , Dotson EM , Bialek SR , 2016. What do we know about Chagas disease in the United States? Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 1225–1227.
-
3.
Stimpert KK , Montgomery SP , 2010. Physician awareness of Chagas disease, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 871–872.
-
4.
Verani JR , Montgomery SP , Schulkin J , Anderson B , Jones JL , 2010. Survey of obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States about Chagas disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 891–895.
-
5.
FDA News Release , 2017. FDA approves first U.S. treatment for Chagas disease. FDA. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-us-treatment-chagas-disease. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
6.
FDA Approved Drugs , 2020. LAMPIT (Nifurtimox) Label. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=213464. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
7.
Noazin S et al. 2018. Trypomastigote Excretory Secretory Antigen (TESA) blot is associated in neonates with parasite load and detects congenital T. cruzi infection using anti-SAPA IgM. J Infect Dis 219: 609–618.
-
8.
Messenger LA et al. 2017. Toward improving early diagnosis of congenital chagas disease in an endemic setting. Clin Infect Dis 65: 268–275.
-
9.
Qvarnstrom Y , Schijman AG , Veron V , Aznar C , Steurer F , da Silva AJ , 2012. Sensitive and specific detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in clinical specimens using a multi-target real-time PCR approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1689.
-
10.
Schijman AG et al. 2011. International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samples from chagas disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e931.
-
11.
Castro A , Luquetti A , Rassi A , Rassi G , Chiari E , Galvão L , 2002. Blood culture and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of the chronic phase of human infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 88: 894–900.
-
12.
Ortho Clinical Diagnostics , 2007. 510(k) Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary. White Oak, MD: Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/K072732.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
13.
Hemagen Chagas’ Kit (EIA Method) , 2009. Device Insert. Available at: http://www.hemagen.com. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
14.
Wiener Laboratories S.A.I.C . 2002. 510(k) Summary. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
15.
InBios Chagas Detect™ Plus Rapid Test , 2019. 510(k) Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary. White Oak, MD: Food and Drug Administration. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/K161947.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2020.
-
16.
Porrás AI et al. 2015. Target product profile (TPP) for Chagas disease point-of-care diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003697.
-
17.
Sánchez-Camargo CL et al. 2014. Comparative evaluation of 11 commercialized rapid diagnostic tests for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in serum banks in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity. J Clin Microbiol 52: 2506–2512.
-
18.
do Brasil PEAA , Castro R , de Castro L , 2016. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay versus polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of chronic chagas disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 111: 1–19.
-
19.
Afonso AM , Ebell MH , Tarleton RL , 2012. A systematic review of high quality diagnostic tests for chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1881.
-
20.
Shah V et al. 2014. Field evaluation of the InBios Chagas detect plus rapid test in serum and whole-blood specimens in Bolivia. Clin Vaccin Immunol 21: 1645–1649.
-
21.
Whitman JD , Bulman CA , Gunderson EL , Irish AM , Townsend RL , Stramer SL , Sakanari JA , Bern C , 2019. Chagas disease serological test performance in United States blood donor specimens. J Clin Microbiol 57: e01217–e01219.
-
22.
Castro-Sesquen YE et al. 2020. Use of a latent class analysis in the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease in the Washington Metropolitan area. Clin Infect Dis 71: ciaa1101.
-
23.
Manne-Goehler J et al. 2018. The results of a primary care-based screening program for Trypanosoma cruzi in east Boston, Massachusetts. Open Forum Infect Dis 5: S166.
-
24.
Manne-Goehler J et al. 2019. 1665. The cascade of care for the strong hearts chagas disease screening and treatment program in east Boston, Massachusetts. Open Forum Infect Dis 6: S609.
-
25.
Meymandi SK , Forsyth CJ , Soverow J , Hernandez S , Sanchez D , Montgomery SP , Traina M , 2017. Prevalence of chagas disease in the Latin American–born population of Los Angeles. Clin Infect Dis 64: 1182–1188.
-
26.
Verani J et al. 2009. Geographic variation in the sensitivity of recombinant antigen-based rapid tests for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 410–415.
-
27.
Guzmán-Gómez D , López-Monteon A , de la Soledad Lagunes-Castro M , Álvarez-Martínez C , Hernández-Lutzon MJ , Dumonteil E , Ramos-Ligonio A , 2015. Highly discordant serology against Trypanosoma cruzi in central Veracruz, Mexico: role of the antigen used for diagnostic. Parasit Vectors 8: 466.
-
28.
Pan American Health Organization , 2019. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chagas Disease .Available at: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/49653/9789275120439_eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y. 2019. Accessed October 11, 2020.
-
29.
Manne-Goehler J , Reich MR , Wirtz VJ , 2015. Access to care for Chagas disease in the United States: a health systems analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 108–113.
-
30.
Forsyth C , Meymandi S , Moss I , Cone J , Cohen R , Batista C , 2019. Proposed multidimensional framework for understanding Chagas disease healthcare barriers in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007447.
-
31.
ABBOTT PRISM Chagas , 2010. Trypanosoma cruzi (E coli, recombinant) antigen. Package Insert. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/blood-donor-screening/abbott-prism-chagas. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
32.
ORTHO T. cruzi ELISA Test System , 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. Cruzi) Whole Cell Lysate Antigen. Package Insert. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/77498/download. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
33.
ABBOTT ESA Chagas , 2020. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. Cruzi) (E. coli, Recombinant) Antigen. Package Insert. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/116579/download. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
34.
Pérez-Molina JA , Molina I , 2018. Chagas disease. Lancet 391: 82–94.
-
35.
Carlier Y , Altcheh J , Angheben A , Freilij H , Luquetti AO , Schijman AG , Segovia M , Wagner N , Albajar Vinas P , 2019. Congenital Chagas disease: updated recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of newborns and siblings, girls, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007694.
-
36.
Russomando G , De Tomassone MM , De Guillen I , Acosta N , Vera N , Almiron M , Candia N , Calcena MF , Figueredo A , 1998. Treatment of congenital Chagas disease diagnosed and followed up by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 487–491.
-
37.
Morillo CA et al. 2015. Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic chagas’ cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 373: 1295–1306.
-
38.
Molina I et al. 2014. Randomized trial of posaconazole and benznidazole for chronic Chagas’ disease. N Engl J Med 370: 1899–1908.
-
39.
Murcia L , Carrilero B , Muñoz MJ , Iborra MA , Segovia M , 2010. Usefulness of PCR for monitoring benznidazole response in patients with chronic Chagas’ disease: a prospective study in a non-disease-endemic country. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 1759–1764.
-
40.
Sánchez LV , Bautista DC , Corredor AF , Herrera VM , Martinez LX , Villar JC , Ramírez JD , 2013. Temporal variation of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in asymptomatic Chagas disease patients. Microbes Infect 15: 745–748.
-
41.
Bern C et al. 2007. Evaluation and treatment of Chagas disease in the United States - a systematic review. JAMA 298: 2171–2181.
-
42.
Pinazo MJ et al. 2014. Biological markers for evaluating therapeutic efficacy in Chagas disease, a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 12: 479–496.
-
43.
Forsyth CJ , Hernandez S , Olmedo W , Abuhamidah A , Traina MI , Sanchez DR , Soverow J , Meymandi SK , 2016. Safety profile of nifurtimox for treatment of chagas disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 63: 1056–1062.
-
44.
Miller DA , Hernandez S , Rodriguez De Armas L , Eells SJ , Traina MM , Miller LG , Meymandi SK , 2015. Tolerance of benznidazole in a United States chagas disease clinic. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1237–1240.
-
45.
Meymandi S , Hernandez S , Park S , Sanchez DR , Forsyth C , 2018. Treatment of chagas disease in the United States. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 10: 373–388.
-
46.
Bhattacharyya T et al. 2018. Severity of chagasic cardiomyopathy is associated with response to a novel rapid diagnostic test for Trypanosoma cruzi TcII/V/VI. Clin Infect Dis 67: 519–524.
-
47.
Ferreira LRP et al. 2017. Blood gene signatures of chagas cardiomyopathy with or without ventricular dysfunction. J Infect Dis 215: 387–395.
-
48.
DPDx – Laboratory , 2020. Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/index.html. Accessed August 16, 2020.
-
49.
Black CM , 1997. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 160–184.
-
50.
Scriba TJ et al. 2017. Sequential inflammatory processes define human progression from M. tuberculosis infection to tuberculosis disease. PLoS Pathog 13: 1–24.
-
51.
Zak DE et al. 2016. A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 387: 2312–2322.
-
52.
Meymandi SK , Hernandez S , Forsyth CJ , 2017. A community-based screening program for chagas disease in the USA. Trends Parasitol 33: 828–831.
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