Author:
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-
1.
Yi P , Chen R , Huang Y , Zhou RR , Fan XG , 2016. Management of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: propositions and challenges. J Clin Virol 77: 32–39.
-
2.
Hope VD , Harris R , McVeigh J , Cullen KJ , Smith J , Parry JV , DeAngelis D , Ncube F , 2016. Risk of HIV and hepatitis B and C over time among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and wales: results from cross-sectional prevalence surveys, 1992–2013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 71: 331–337.
-
3.
Dolan K et al. 2016. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet 388: 1089–1102.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2017. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255016/9789241565455-eng.pdf;jsessionid=5A3BB55E2AF77B5037E486DE3684CE51?sequence=1. Accessed May 17, 2019.
-
5.
Al Mahtab M , 2017. Elimination of hepatitis viruses: Bangladesh scenario. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 7: 40–42.
-
6.
Wait S et al. 2016. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in southeast and southern Asia: challenges for governments. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 1: 248–255.
-
7.
Janjua NZ , Mahmood B , Imran Khan M , 2014. Does knowledge about bloodborne pathogens influence the reuse of medical injection syringes among women in Pakistan? J Infect Public Health 7: 345–355.
-
8.
Ali N , Hussain W , Hayat A , Shah T , Wen R , Zeb I , Abdul Malik A , Ramzan R , Rehman MU , Khan I , 2019. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among haemodialysis patients: a multicentric study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 31: 29–33.
-
9.
Mansha S et al. 2017. Hepatitis B and C virus infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected people who inject drugs in Lahore, Pakistan. Viral Immunol 30: 366–370.
-
10.
Fayyaz M , Ghous SM , Fahimullah , Abbas I , Ahmed N , Ahmed A , 2015. Frequency of hepatitis B and C in patients seeking treatment at the dental section of a tertiary care hospital. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 27: 395–397.
-
11.
Umer M , Iqbal M , 2016. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and genotype distribution in Pakistan: comprehensive review of recent data. World J Gastroenterol 22: 1684–1700.
-
12.
Yang S et al. 2017. Transmission of hepatitis B and C virus infection through body piercing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltimore) 94: e1893.
-
13.
Desikan P , Khan Z , 2017. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus co-infection in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Med Microbiol 35: 332–339.
-
14.
Uz-Zaman MH , Rahman A , Yasmin M , 2018. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Bangladesh: prevalence among general population, risk groups and genotype distribution. Genes (Basel) 9: 541.
-
15.
Maan MA , Fatma H , Muhammad J , 2014. Epidemiology of hepatitis C viral infection in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a retrospective study (2010–2012). Afr Health Sci 14: 810–814.
-
16.
Waqar M et al. 2019. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) a severe health problem in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: a molecular based study. BioScientific Review 1: 25–32.
-
17.
Basit A et al. 2014. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in Pakistan. J Inf Mol Biol 2: 35–38.
-
18.
Usman M , Wadood M , Nazir I , 2018. Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viral infection among the Pakistani population. Pakistan J Med Health Sci 12: 617–619.
-
19.
Government of Pakistan PBoS , 2020. Cencus Report 2017. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Available at: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/sindh/SHAHEED%20BENAZIRABAD_SUMMARY.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2020.
-
20.
Dean AG , Sullivan SK , Soe MM , 2013. OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. Available at: www.OpenEpi.com. Accessed October 15, 2020.
-
21.
Kumari K , Seetlani NK , Akhter R , 2015. The emergent concern of seropositive status of hepatitis-B virus and hepatitis-C virus in the pregnant females attending a tertiary care hospital. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 27: 155–157.
-
22.
Abbasi IN , Fatmi Z , Kadir MM , Sathiakumar N , 2014. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among barbers and their knowledge, attitude and practices in the district of Sukkur, Sindh. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 27: 757–765.
-
23.
ul Haq N , Hassali MA , Shafie AA , Saleem F , Farooqui M , Aljadhey H , 2012. A cross sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy population of Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 12: 692.
-
24.
Ahsan A , Khan AZ , Javed H , Mirza S , Chaudhary SU , Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S , 2019. Estimation of hepatitis C prevalence in the Punjab province of Pakistan: a retrospective study on general population. PLoS One 14: e0214435.
-
25.
Khan MI et al. 2012. Assessment of knowledge and practice of barbers and beauticians regarding hepatitis B and C. Gomal J Med Sci 10: 127–132.
-
26.
Pirani S , Ali TS , Allana S , Ismail FW , 2016. Awareness about hepatitis C among patients suffering from hepatitis C in Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Med Res 55: 70.
-
27.
Luby S , Qamruddin K , Shah A , Omair A , Pahsa O , Khan AJ , McCormick JB , Hoodbhouy F , Fisher-Hoch S , 1997. The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 119: 349–356.
-
28.
Mahboobi N , Porter SR , Karayiannis P , Alavian SM , 2013. Dental treatment as a risk factor for hepatitis B and C viral infection. A review of the recent literature. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 22: 79–86.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 7462 | 4261 | 205 |
| Full Text Views | 1333 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 838 | 17 | 0 |
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and C in Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan
Ayaz Ali Samo
Ayaz Ali Samo
Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Zulfiqar Ali Laghari
Zulfiqar Ali Laghari
Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Nimra Masood Baig
Nimra Masood Baig
Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Ghulam Murtaza Khoso
Ghulam Murtaza Khoso
Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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ABSTRACT
In Pakistan, viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem affecting millions of people. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are spreading rapidly in all provinces of Pakistan, including Sindh, because of lack of knowledge about routes of transmission, low literacy rate, reuse of syringes, piercing, and other factors. However, information about the prevalence and risk factors is inadequate. So, a general population-based study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate and risk factors of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Nawabshah. Healthy individuals were screened for hepatitis B and hepatitis C using an immunochromatographic rapid test followed by confirmation through ELISA and PCR. Information about sociodemographic and risk factors was obtained through a pretested questionnaire. Descriptive frequencies, odds ratio, and CI were calculated using SPSS software version 23 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). In total, 523 participants were screened for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, among whom 232 were females and 291 were males. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B was 14.3% and 6.7%, respectively. In a bivariate analysis, hepatitis B infection was significantly associated with risk factors such as hospitalization, blood transfusion, needle injury, multiple sex partners, reused syringe, dental extraction, surgery, injectable drug abuse, and shaving at barbershops. Hepatitis C infection was associated with factors including surgery, needle injury, blood transfusion, reused syringes, dental extraction, and shaving at barbershops. The increasing prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus in Nawabshah is a public health concern. There is dire need to implement preventive measures.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Ayaz Ali Samo, Zulfiqar Ali Laghari, Nimra Masood Baig, and Ghulam Murtaza Khoso, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, E-mails: ayazsamo@usindh.edu.pk, zulfiqar.laghari@usindh.edu.pk, nimrabaig32@gmail.com, and gm.khoso@usindh.edu.pk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Yi P , Chen R , Huang Y , Zhou RR , Fan XG , 2016. Management of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: propositions and challenges. J Clin Virol 77: 32–39.
-
2.
Hope VD , Harris R , McVeigh J , Cullen KJ , Smith J , Parry JV , DeAngelis D , Ncube F , 2016. Risk of HIV and hepatitis B and C over time among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and wales: results from cross-sectional prevalence surveys, 1992–2013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 71: 331–337.
-
3.
Dolan K et al. 2016. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet 388: 1089–1102.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2017. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255016/9789241565455-eng.pdf;jsessionid=5A3BB55E2AF77B5037E486DE3684CE51?sequence=1. Accessed May 17, 2019.
-
5.
Al Mahtab M , 2017. Elimination of hepatitis viruses: Bangladesh scenario. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 7: 40–42.
-
6.
Wait S et al. 2016. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in southeast and southern Asia: challenges for governments. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 1: 248–255.
-
7.
Janjua NZ , Mahmood B , Imran Khan M , 2014. Does knowledge about bloodborne pathogens influence the reuse of medical injection syringes among women in Pakistan? J Infect Public Health 7: 345–355.
-
8.
Ali N , Hussain W , Hayat A , Shah T , Wen R , Zeb I , Abdul Malik A , Ramzan R , Rehman MU , Khan I , 2019. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among haemodialysis patients: a multicentric study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 31: 29–33.
-
9.
Mansha S et al. 2017. Hepatitis B and C virus infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected people who inject drugs in Lahore, Pakistan. Viral Immunol 30: 366–370.
-
10.
Fayyaz M , Ghous SM , Fahimullah , Abbas I , Ahmed N , Ahmed A , 2015. Frequency of hepatitis B and C in patients seeking treatment at the dental section of a tertiary care hospital. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 27: 395–397.
-
11.
Umer M , Iqbal M , 2016. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and genotype distribution in Pakistan: comprehensive review of recent data. World J Gastroenterol 22: 1684–1700.
-
12.
Yang S et al. 2017. Transmission of hepatitis B and C virus infection through body piercing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltimore) 94: e1893.
-
13.
Desikan P , Khan Z , 2017. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus co-infection in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Med Microbiol 35: 332–339.
-
14.
Uz-Zaman MH , Rahman A , Yasmin M , 2018. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Bangladesh: prevalence among general population, risk groups and genotype distribution. Genes (Basel) 9: 541.
-
15.
Maan MA , Fatma H , Muhammad J , 2014. Epidemiology of hepatitis C viral infection in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a retrospective study (2010–2012). Afr Health Sci 14: 810–814.
-
16.
Waqar M et al. 2019. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) a severe health problem in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: a molecular based study. BioScientific Review 1: 25–32.
-
17.
Basit A et al. 2014. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in Pakistan. J Inf Mol Biol 2: 35–38.
-
18.
Usman M , Wadood M , Nazir I , 2018. Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viral infection among the Pakistani population. Pakistan J Med Health Sci 12: 617–619.
-
19.
Government of Pakistan PBoS , 2020. Cencus Report 2017. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Available at: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/sindh/SHAHEED%20BENAZIRABAD_SUMMARY.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2020.
-
20.
Dean AG , Sullivan SK , Soe MM , 2013. OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. Available at: www.OpenEpi.com. Accessed October 15, 2020.
-
21.
Kumari K , Seetlani NK , Akhter R , 2015. The emergent concern of seropositive status of hepatitis-B virus and hepatitis-C virus in the pregnant females attending a tertiary care hospital. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 27: 155–157.
-
22.
Abbasi IN , Fatmi Z , Kadir MM , Sathiakumar N , 2014. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among barbers and their knowledge, attitude and practices in the district of Sukkur, Sindh. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 27: 757–765.
-
23.
ul Haq N , Hassali MA , Shafie AA , Saleem F , Farooqui M , Aljadhey H , 2012. A cross sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy population of Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 12: 692.
-
24.
Ahsan A , Khan AZ , Javed H , Mirza S , Chaudhary SU , Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S , 2019. Estimation of hepatitis C prevalence in the Punjab province of Pakistan: a retrospective study on general population. PLoS One 14: e0214435.
-
25.
Khan MI et al. 2012. Assessment of knowledge and practice of barbers and beauticians regarding hepatitis B and C. Gomal J Med Sci 10: 127–132.
-
26.
Pirani S , Ali TS , Allana S , Ismail FW , 2016. Awareness about hepatitis C among patients suffering from hepatitis C in Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Med Res 55: 70.
-
27.
Luby S , Qamruddin K , Shah A , Omair A , Pahsa O , Khan AJ , McCormick JB , Hoodbhouy F , Fisher-Hoch S , 1997. The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 119: 349–356.
-
28.
Mahboobi N , Porter SR , Karayiannis P , Alavian SM , 2013. Dental treatment as a risk factor for hepatitis B and C viral infection. A review of the recent literature. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 22: 79–86.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 7462 | 4261 | 205 |
| Full Text Views | 1333 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 838 | 17 | 0 |