Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hermance ME , Thangamani S , 2017. Powassan virus: an emerging arbovirus of public health concern in North America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17: 453–462.
-
2.
Hinten SR et al. 2008. Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999–2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 733–740.
-
3.
Artsob H , Spence L , Surgeoner G , McCreadie J , Thorsen J , Thng C , Lampotang V , 1984. Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Powassan virus from ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ontario, Canada. J Med Entomol 21: 165–168.
-
4.
Kokernot RH , Radivoje B , Anderson RJ , 1969. Susceptibility of wild and domestic mammals to four arboviruses. Am J Vet Res 30: 2197–2203.
-
5.
Smith K , Oesterle PT , Jardine CM , Dibernardo A , Huynh C , Lindsay R , Pearl DL , Bosco-Lauth AM , Nemeth NM , 2018. Powassan virus and other arthropod-borne viruses in wildlife and ticks in Ontario, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 458–465.
-
6.
Zarnke RL , Yuill TM , 1981. Powassan virus infection in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). J Wildl Dis 17: 303–310.
-
7.
Corrin T , Greig J , Harding S , Young I , Mascarenhas M , Waddell LA , 2018. Powassan virus, a scoping review of the global evidence. Zoonoses Public Health 65: 595–624.
-
8.
Ebel GD , 2010. Update on Powassan virus: emergence of a North American tick-borne flavivirus. Annu Rev Entomol 55: 95–110.
-
9.
El Khoury MY et al. 2013. Potential role of deer tick virus in Powassan encephalitis cases in lyme disease-endemic areas of New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1926–1933.
-
10.
Dupuis AP , Peters RJ , Prusinski MA , Falco RC , Ostfeld RS , Kramer LD , 2013. Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from Ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York state. Parasit Vectors 6: 185.
-
11.
Nemeth NM , Bosco-Lauth AM , Williams LM , Bowen RA , Brown JD , 2017. West Nile virus infection in ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus): experimental infection and protective effects of vaccination. Vet Pathol 54: 901–911.
-
12.
Beaty BJ , Calisher CH , Shope RE , 1995. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Lennette EH , Lennette DA , Lennette ET , eds. Arboviruses. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
13.
Nofchissey RA et al. 2013. Seroprevalence of Powassan virus in New England deer, 1979–2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1159–1162.
-
14.
Eisen L , 2018. Pathogen transmission in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 535–542.
-
15.
Bouchard C , Leonard E , Koffi JK , Pelcat Y , Peregrine A , Chilton N , Rochon K , Lysyk T , Lindsay LR , Ogden NH , 2015. The increasing risk of lyme disease in Canada. Can Vet J 56: 693–699.
-
16.
Caulfield AJ , Pritt BS , 2015. Lyme disease coinfections in the United States. Clin Lab Med 35: 827–846.
-
17.
Whitney E , Jamnback H , 1965. The first isolations of Powassan virus in New York state. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119: 432–435.
-
18.
Thomas LA , Kennedy RC , Eklund CM , 1960. Isolation of a virus closely related to Powassan virus from Dermacentor andersoni collected along North Cashe La Poudre river, Colo. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104: 355–359.
-
19.
Mlera L , Meade-White K , Saturday G , Scott D , Bloom ME , 2017. Modeling Powassan virus infection in Peromyscus leucopus, a natural host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: 1–19.
-
20.
Havlíková S , Ličková M , Klempa B , 2013. Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne viruses. Acta Virol 57: 123–129.
-
21.
Ebel GD , Kramer LD , 2004. Short report: duration of tick attachment required for transmission of Powassan virus by deer ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 268–271.
-
22.
Hermance ME , Thangamani S , 2015. Tick saliva enhances Powassan virus transmission to the host, influencing its dissemination and the course of disease. J Virol 89: 7852–7860.
-
23.
Johnson HN , 1987. Isolation of Powassan virus from a spotted skunk in California. J Wildl Dis 23: 152–153.
-
24.
McLean DM , Best JM , Mahalingham S , Chernesky MA , Wilson WE , 1964. Powassan virus: summer infection cycle, 1964. Can Med Assoc J 91: 1360–1362.
-
25.
McLean DM , Larke RP , 1963. Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses. Can Med Assoc J 88: 182–185.
-
26.
McLean DM , Ladyman SR , Purvin-Good KW , 1968. Westward extension of Powassan virus prevalence. Can Med Assoc J 98: 946–949.
-
27.
Thomm AM , Schotthoefer AM , Dupuis AP 2nd , Kramer LD , Frost HM , Fritsche TR , Harrington YA , Knox KK , Kehl SC , 2018. Development and validation of a serologic test panel for detection of Powassan virus infection in U.S. patients residing in regions where lyme disease is endemic. mSphere 3: e00467- 17.
-
28.
Little PB , Thorsen J , Moore W , Weninger N , 1985. Powassan virus encephalitis – a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit. Vet Pathol 22: 500–507.
-
29.
Root JJ , Oesterle PT , Nemeth NM , Klenk K , Gould DH , McLean RG , Clark L , Hall JS , 2006. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 697–701.
-
30.
Smith KA , Oesterle PT , Jardine CM , Dibernardo A , Huynh C , Lindsay R , Pearl DL , Nemeth NM , 2019. Tick infestations of wildlife and companion animals in Ontario, Canada, with detection of human pathogens in Ixodes scapularis ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 10: 72–76.
-
31.
Fatmi SS , Zehra R , Carpenter DO , 2017. Powassan virus – a new reemerging tick-borne disease. Front Public Health 5: 342.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1054 | 116 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 712 | 246 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 285 | 77 | 0 |
Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species
Nicole M. Nemeth
Nicole M. Nemeth
Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
Department of Pathology, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
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Department of Pathology, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
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J. Jeffrey Root
J. Jeffrey Root
United States Department of Agriculture/APHIS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado;
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Airn E. Hartwig
Airn E. Hartwig
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Richard A. Bowen
Richard A. Bowen
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Angela M. Bosco-Lauth
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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ABSTRACT
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne virus maintained in sylvatic cycles between mammalian wildlife hosts and ticks (primarily Ixodes spp.). There are two currently recognized lineages, POWV-lineage 1 (POWV-L1) and deer tick virus (DTV; lineage 2), both of which can cause fatal neurologic disease in humans. Increased numbers of human case reports in the northeastern and north central United States in recent years have fueled questions into POWV epidemiology. We inoculated three candidate wildlife POWV reservoir hosts, groundhogs (Marmota monax), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), with either POWV-L1 or DTV. Resulting viremia, tissue tropism, and pathology were minimal in most inoculated individuals of all three species, with low (peak titer range, 101.7–103.3 plaque-forming units/mL serum) or undetectable viremia titers, lack of detection in tissues except for low titers in spleen, and seroconversion in most individuals by 21 days postinoculation (DPI). Pathology was limited and most commonly consisted of mild inflammation in the brain of POWV-L1– and DTV-inoculated skunks on four and 21 DPI, respectively. These results reveal variation in virulence and host competence among wild mammalian species, and a likely limited duration of host infectiousness to ticks during enzootic transmission cycles. However, POWV can transmit rapidly from tick to host, and tick co-feeding may be an additional transmission mechanism. The rare and low-level detections of viremia in these three, common, wild mammal species suggest that vector–host dynamics should continue to be explored, along with eco-epidemiological aspects of enzootic POWV transmission in different regions and virus lineages.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 2015-04088, Colorado State University Animal Modules Core 21-21500, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal, and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Authors’ addresses: Nicole M. Nemeth, Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, and Department of Pathology, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mail: nmnemeth@uga.edu. J. Jeffrey Root, United States Department of Agriculture/APHIS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: jeff.root@usda.gov. Airn E. Hartwig, Richard A. Bowen, and Angela M. Bosco-Lauth, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: airn.tolnay@colotate.edu, rbowen@rams.colostate.edu, and mopargal@rams.colostate.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hermance ME , Thangamani S , 2017. Powassan virus: an emerging arbovirus of public health concern in North America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 17: 453–462.
-
2.
Hinten SR et al. 2008. Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999–2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 733–740.
-
3.
Artsob H , Spence L , Surgeoner G , McCreadie J , Thorsen J , Thng C , Lampotang V , 1984. Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Powassan virus from ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ontario, Canada. J Med Entomol 21: 165–168.
-
4.
Kokernot RH , Radivoje B , Anderson RJ , 1969. Susceptibility of wild and domestic mammals to four arboviruses. Am J Vet Res 30: 2197–2203.
-
5.
Smith K , Oesterle PT , Jardine CM , Dibernardo A , Huynh C , Lindsay R , Pearl DL , Bosco-Lauth AM , Nemeth NM , 2018. Powassan virus and other arthropod-borne viruses in wildlife and ticks in Ontario, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 458–465.
-
6.
Zarnke RL , Yuill TM , 1981. Powassan virus infection in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). J Wildl Dis 17: 303–310.
-
7.
Corrin T , Greig J , Harding S , Young I , Mascarenhas M , Waddell LA , 2018. Powassan virus, a scoping review of the global evidence. Zoonoses Public Health 65: 595–624.
-
8.
Ebel GD , 2010. Update on Powassan virus: emergence of a North American tick-borne flavivirus. Annu Rev Entomol 55: 95–110.
-
9.
El Khoury MY et al. 2013. Potential role of deer tick virus in Powassan encephalitis cases in lyme disease-endemic areas of New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1926–1933.
-
10.
Dupuis AP , Peters RJ , Prusinski MA , Falco RC , Ostfeld RS , Kramer LD , 2013. Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from Ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York state. Parasit Vectors 6: 185.
-
11.
Nemeth NM , Bosco-Lauth AM , Williams LM , Bowen RA , Brown JD , 2017. West Nile virus infection in ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus): experimental infection and protective effects of vaccination. Vet Pathol 54: 901–911.
-
12.
Beaty BJ , Calisher CH , Shope RE , 1995. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Lennette EH , Lennette DA , Lennette ET , eds. Arboviruses. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
13.
Nofchissey RA et al. 2013. Seroprevalence of Powassan virus in New England deer, 1979–2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1159–1162.
-
14.
Eisen L , 2018. Pathogen transmission in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 535–542.
-
15.
Bouchard C , Leonard E , Koffi JK , Pelcat Y , Peregrine A , Chilton N , Rochon K , Lysyk T , Lindsay LR , Ogden NH , 2015. The increasing risk of lyme disease in Canada. Can Vet J 56: 693–699.
-
16.
Caulfield AJ , Pritt BS , 2015. Lyme disease coinfections in the United States. Clin Lab Med 35: 827–846.
-
17.
Whitney E , Jamnback H , 1965. The first isolations of Powassan virus in New York state. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119: 432–435.
-
18.
Thomas LA , Kennedy RC , Eklund CM , 1960. Isolation of a virus closely related to Powassan virus from Dermacentor andersoni collected along North Cashe La Poudre river, Colo. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104: 355–359.
-
19.
Mlera L , Meade-White K , Saturday G , Scott D , Bloom ME , 2017. Modeling Powassan virus infection in Peromyscus leucopus, a natural host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: 1–19.
-
20.
Havlíková S , Ličková M , Klempa B , 2013. Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne viruses. Acta Virol 57: 123–129.
-
21.
Ebel GD , Kramer LD , 2004. Short report: duration of tick attachment required for transmission of Powassan virus by deer ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 268–271.
-
22.
Hermance ME , Thangamani S , 2015. Tick saliva enhances Powassan virus transmission to the host, influencing its dissemination and the course of disease. J Virol 89: 7852–7860.
-
23.
Johnson HN , 1987. Isolation of Powassan virus from a spotted skunk in California. J Wildl Dis 23: 152–153.
-
24.
McLean DM , Best JM , Mahalingham S , Chernesky MA , Wilson WE , 1964. Powassan virus: summer infection cycle, 1964. Can Med Assoc J 91: 1360–1362.
-
25.
McLean DM , Larke RP , 1963. Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses. Can Med Assoc J 88: 182–185.
-
26.
McLean DM , Ladyman SR , Purvin-Good KW , 1968. Westward extension of Powassan virus prevalence. Can Med Assoc J 98: 946–949.
-
27.
Thomm AM , Schotthoefer AM , Dupuis AP 2nd , Kramer LD , Frost HM , Fritsche TR , Harrington YA , Knox KK , Kehl SC , 2018. Development and validation of a serologic test panel for detection of Powassan virus infection in U.S. patients residing in regions where lyme disease is endemic. mSphere 3: e00467- 17.
-
28.
Little PB , Thorsen J , Moore W , Weninger N , 1985. Powassan virus encephalitis – a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit. Vet Pathol 22: 500–507.
-
29.
Root JJ , Oesterle PT , Nemeth NM , Klenk K , Gould DH , McLean RG , Clark L , Hall JS , 2006. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 697–701.
-
30.
Smith KA , Oesterle PT , Jardine CM , Dibernardo A , Huynh C , Lindsay R , Pearl DL , Nemeth NM , 2019. Tick infestations of wildlife and companion animals in Ontario, Canada, with detection of human pathogens in Ixodes scapularis ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 10: 72–76.
-
31.
Fatmi SS , Zehra R , Carpenter DO , 2017. Powassan virus – a new reemerging tick-borne disease. Front Public Health 5: 342.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1054 | 116 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 712 | 246 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 285 | 77 | 0 |