Angelo KM, Reynolds J, Karp BE, Hoekstra RM, Scheel CM, Friedman C, 2016. Antimicrobial resistance among nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from blood in the United States, 2003–2013. J Infect Dis 214: 1565–1570.
Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA, 2012. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet 379: 2489–2499.
Dong GX, Wen SL, 2018. Research advancement on the economic impact of antimicrobial resistance. Chin Pharm J 5: 330–334.
Aminov RI, Mackie RI, 2007. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271: 147–161.
Leversteinvan Hall MA et al. 2011. Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 873–880.
Lazarus B, Paterson DL, Mollinger JL, Rogers BA, 2015. Do human extraintestinal Escherichia coli infections resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins originate from food-producing animals? A systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 60: 439–452.
Bonten MJ, Mevius D, 2015. Less evidence for an important role of food-producing animals as source of antibiotic resistance in humans. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1867.
Schwarz S, Kehrenberg C, Doublet B, Cloeckaert A, 2004. Molecular basis of bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol and florfenicol. FEMS Microbiol Rev 28: 519–542.
Lu J et al. 2018. Spread of the florfenicol resistance floR gene among clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in China. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 7: 127.
Liu WW, Wang Y, 2018. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to florfenicol. Chin J Anim Infect Dis 1: 1–6.
Zhan Z, Kuang D, Liao M, Zhang H, Lu J, Hu X, Ye Y, Meng J, Xu X, Zhang J, 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of Salmonella Senftenberg isolated from humans and other sources in Shanghai, China, 2005 to 2011. J Food Protection 80: 146.
Zhao Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Du XD, Jiang H, Xia X, Shen Z, Ding S, Wu C, 2016. Prevalence and abundance of florfenicol and linezolid resistance genes in soils adjacent to swine feedlots. Sci Rep 6: 32192.
Ribot EM, Fair MA, Gautom R, Cameron DN, Hunter SB, Swaminathan B, Barrett TJ, 2006. Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog Dis 3: 59–67.
Li C, Chen J, Wang J, Ma Z, Han P, Luan Y, Lu A, 2015. Occurrence of antibiotics in soils and manures from greenhouse vegetable production bases of Beijing, China and an associated risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 522: 101–107.
Silbergeld EK, Graham J, Price LB, 2008. Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annu Rev Public Health 29: 151–169.
Kim JS, Yun YS, Kim SJ, Jeon SE, Lee DY, Chung GT, Yoo CK, Kim J, Group PNKW, 2016. Rapid emergence and clonal dissemination of CTX-M-15-producing Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 68.
Zhang QQ, Ying GG, Pan CG, Liu YS, Zhao JL, 2015. Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China: source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance. Environ Sci Technol 49: 6772–6782.
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Infection caused by invasive Salmonella occurs when Salmonella bacteria, which normally cause diarrhea, enter the bloodstream and spread through the body. We report the dramatic increase in florfenicol-resistant invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) in China between 2007 and 2016. Of the 186 iNTS strains isolated during the study period, 34 were florfenicol resistant, most of which harbored known resistance genes. Florfenicol is exclusively used in veterinary medicine in China, but now florfenicol-resistant iNTS is found in clinical patients. This finding indicates that antimicrobial resistance produced in veterinary medicine can be transmitted to humans, which poses a severe threat to public health.
Financial support: This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1600101, 2018YFD0500500); a project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972762); a project supported by Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar–Funded Scheme (2018); Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou (201806010183); Province Science and Technology of Guangdong Research Project (2017A020208055); and Guangdong Key S&T Program (Grant no. 2019B020217002).
Authors’ addresses: Zeqiang Zhan, Yuan Gao, Fanliang Zeng, Xiaoyun Qu, Hongxia Zhang, Ming Liao, and Jianmin Zhang, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China, E-mails: zeqiangzhan_v@163.com, tianc__001@163.com, 1529436709@qq.com, junjingzhang1989@163.com, qxy0926@126.com, mliao@scau.edu.cn, and junfeng-v@163.com. Xuebin Xu, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China, E-mail: xxb72@sina.com. Haiyan Shen, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China, E-mail: haiyan_0001@163.com.
Angelo KM, Reynolds J, Karp BE, Hoekstra RM, Scheel CM, Friedman C, 2016. Antimicrobial resistance among nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from blood in the United States, 2003–2013. J Infect Dis 214: 1565–1570.
Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA, 2012. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet 379: 2489–2499.
Dong GX, Wen SL, 2018. Research advancement on the economic impact of antimicrobial resistance. Chin Pharm J 5: 330–334.
Aminov RI, Mackie RI, 2007. Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271: 147–161.
Leversteinvan Hall MA et al. 2011. Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 873–880.
Lazarus B, Paterson DL, Mollinger JL, Rogers BA, 2015. Do human extraintestinal Escherichia coli infections resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins originate from food-producing animals? A systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 60: 439–452.
Bonten MJ, Mevius D, 2015. Less evidence for an important role of food-producing animals as source of antibiotic resistance in humans. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1867.
Schwarz S, Kehrenberg C, Doublet B, Cloeckaert A, 2004. Molecular basis of bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol and florfenicol. FEMS Microbiol Rev 28: 519–542.
Lu J et al. 2018. Spread of the florfenicol resistance floR gene among clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in China. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 7: 127.
Liu WW, Wang Y, 2018. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to florfenicol. Chin J Anim Infect Dis 1: 1–6.
Zhan Z, Kuang D, Liao M, Zhang H, Lu J, Hu X, Ye Y, Meng J, Xu X, Zhang J, 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of Salmonella Senftenberg isolated from humans and other sources in Shanghai, China, 2005 to 2011. J Food Protection 80: 146.
Zhao Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Du XD, Jiang H, Xia X, Shen Z, Ding S, Wu C, 2016. Prevalence and abundance of florfenicol and linezolid resistance genes in soils adjacent to swine feedlots. Sci Rep 6: 32192.
Ribot EM, Fair MA, Gautom R, Cameron DN, Hunter SB, Swaminathan B, Barrett TJ, 2006. Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog Dis 3: 59–67.
Li C, Chen J, Wang J, Ma Z, Han P, Luan Y, Lu A, 2015. Occurrence of antibiotics in soils and manures from greenhouse vegetable production bases of Beijing, China and an associated risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 522: 101–107.
Silbergeld EK, Graham J, Price LB, 2008. Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annu Rev Public Health 29: 151–169.
Kim JS, Yun YS, Kim SJ, Jeon SE, Lee DY, Chung GT, Yoo CK, Kim J, Group PNKW, 2016. Rapid emergence and clonal dissemination of CTX-M-15-producing Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 68.
Zhang QQ, Ying GG, Pan CG, Liu YS, Zhao JL, 2015. Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China: source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance. Environ Sci Technol 49: 6772–6782.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1186 | 943 | 31 |
Full Text Views | 685 | 8 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 287 | 14 | 0 |