- INTRODUCTION
- GLOBAL AND REGIONAL APPROACHES TO HEPATITIS C ELIMINATION
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- The epidemiology of HCV infection in Ethiopia.
- Current status of HCV control and elimination in Ethiopia.
- Opportunities for HCV elimination in Ethiopia.
- Challenges to HCV elimination in Ethiopia.
- Recommended approach to hepatitis C micro-elimination in Ethiopia.
- Priority subpopulation groups for HCV micro-elimination in Ethiopia.
- People living with HIV.
- Prisoners.
- Chronic liver disease and cancer patients.
- Pregnant women.
- Healthcare workers.
- Blood donors.
- Enabling factors for the HCV micro-elimination.
- Utilization of affordable testing and access to pan-genotypic DAAs.
- Task-shifting.
- Multisectoral partnership.
- Regulatory support.
- CONCLUSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Sonderup MW et al. 2017. Hepatitis C in sub-Saharan Africa: the current status and recommendations for achieving elimination by 2030. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2: 910–919.
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2.
Deressa T, Birhan W, Enawgaw B, Abebe M, Baynes HW, Desta M, Terefe B, Melku M, 2018. Proportion and predictors of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in North Shewa zone, central north Ethiopia. PLoS One 13: e0194083.
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Woldegiorgis AE, Erku W, Medhin G, Berhe N, Legesse M, 2019. Community-based sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in South Omo zone, southern Ethiopia. BioRxiv. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/533968.
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Degefa B, Gebreeyesus T, Gebremedhin Z, Melkamu G, Gebrekidan A, Hailekiros H, Tsegay E, Niguse S, Abdulkader M, 2018. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors of Mekelle blood bank, northern Ethiopia: a three-year retrospective study. J Med Virol 90: 1724–1729.
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Hebo HJ, Gemeda DH, Abdusemed KA, 2019. Hepatitis B and C viral infection: prevalence, knowledge, attitude, practice, and occupational exposure among healthcare workers of Jimma University Medical Center, southwest Ethiopia. Scientific World J 2019. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9482607.
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Manyazewal T, Sisay Z, Biadgilign S, Abegaz WE, 2014. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among antiretroviral-naive and experienced HIV co-infected adults. J Med Microbiol 63: 742–747.
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A Path to Ending Hepatitis C in Ethiopia: A Phased Public Health Approach to Achieve Micro-Elimination
Belaynew Wasie Taye
Belaynew Wasie Taye
Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;
Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Ethiopia’s hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence is predicted to rise by 2030. To halt this increasing trend, a suitable approach to the elimination of HCV is needed. This review explores the current status, challenges, and opportunities and outlines a strategy for the micro-elimination approach in Ethiopia. I searched PubMed and EMBASE using combined Medical Subject Heading databases for the literature on HCV micro-elimination. A phased public health approach to HCV micro-elimination, including preparation/capacity building (phase I), implementation (phase II), and rollout and scale-up (phase III), targeting people living with HIV, prisoners, chronic hepatitis and cancer patients, blood donors, and pregnant women is a pragmatic strategy to Ethiopia. This can be implemented at general and tertiary care referral hospitals with a future scale-up to district hospitals through task-shifting by training general practitioners, nurses, laboratory technologists, and pharmacists. Availability of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can be ensured by expanding the existing program that provides highly subsidized DAAs through an agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc. and eventually aiming at domestic generic manufacturing. The significant enablers to HCV micro-elimination in Ethiopia include the control of healthcare–associated HCV infection, blood safety, access to affordable testing and pan-genotypic DAAs, task-shifting, multisectoral partnership, and regulatory support. General population-based HCV screening and treatment are not cost-effective for Ethiopia because of high cost, program complexity, and disease epidemiology.
Author Notes
Author’s addresses: Belaynew Wasie Taye, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, and Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: b.taye@uq.edu.au.
- INTRODUCTION
- GLOBAL AND REGIONAL APPROACHES TO HEPATITIS C ELIMINATION
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- The epidemiology of HCV infection in Ethiopia.
- Current status of HCV control and elimination in Ethiopia.
- Opportunities for HCV elimination in Ethiopia.
- Challenges to HCV elimination in Ethiopia.
- Recommended approach to hepatitis C micro-elimination in Ethiopia.
- Priority subpopulation groups for HCV micro-elimination in Ethiopia.
- People living with HIV.
- Prisoners.
- Chronic liver disease and cancer patients.
- Pregnant women.
- Healthcare workers.
- Blood donors.
- Enabling factors for the HCV micro-elimination.
- Utilization of affordable testing and access to pan-genotypic DAAs.
- Task-shifting.
- Multisectoral partnership.
- Regulatory support.
- CONCLUSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Sonderup MW et al. 2017. Hepatitis C in sub-Saharan Africa: the current status and recommendations for achieving elimination by 2030. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2: 910–919.
-
2.
Deressa T, Birhan W, Enawgaw B, Abebe M, Baynes HW, Desta M, Terefe B, Melku M, 2018. Proportion and predictors of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in North Shewa zone, central north Ethiopia. PLoS One 13: e0194083.
-
3.
Chan HLY et al. 2017. The present and future disease burden of hepatitis C virus infections with today’s treatment paradigm: volume 4. J Viral Hepat 24 (Suppl 2): 25–43.
-
4.
Demsiss W, Seid A, Fiseha T, 2018. Hepatitis B and C: seroprevalence, knowledge, practice and associated factors among medicine and health science students in northeast Ethiopia. PLoS One 13: e0196539.
-
5.
Amsalu A, Worku M, Tadesse E, Shimelis T, 2016. The exposure rate to hepatitis B and C viruses among medical waste handlers in three government hospitals, southern Ethiopia. Epidemiol Health 38: e2016001.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2016. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016–2021. Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2017. End Hepatitis by 2030: Prevention, Care and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis in the African Region: Framework for Action, 2016–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
8.
Lazarus JV, Wiktor S, Colombo M, Thursz M, 2017. Micro-elimination–a path to global elimination of hepatitis C. J Hepatol 67: 665–666.
-
9.
Lazarus JV et al. 2018. The micro-elimination approach to eliminating hepatitis C: strategic and operational considerations. Semin Liver Dis 38: 181–192.
-
10.
Abera B, Adem Y, Yimer M, Mulu W, Zenebe Y, Mekonnen Z, 2017. Community seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus in an adult population in Gojjam zones, northwest Ethiopia. Virol J 14: 21.
-
11.
Woldegiorgis AE, Erku W, Medhin G, Berhe N, Legesse M, 2019. Community-based sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in South Omo zone, southern Ethiopia. BioRxiv. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/533968.
-
12.
Degefa B, Gebreeyesus T, Gebremedhin Z, Melkamu G, Gebrekidan A, Hailekiros H, Tsegay E, Niguse S, Abdulkader M, 2018. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors of Mekelle blood bank, northern Ethiopia: a three-year retrospective study. J Med Virol 90: 1724–1729.
-
13.
Hebo HJ, Gemeda DH, Abdusemed KA, 2019. Hepatitis B and C viral infection: prevalence, knowledge, attitude, practice, and occupational exposure among healthcare workers of Jimma University Medical Center, southwest Ethiopia. Scientific World J 2019. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9482607.
-
14.
Atsbaha AH, Asmelash Dejen T, Belodu R, Getachew K, Saravanan M, Wasihun AG, 2016. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among voluntary counseling testing and antiretroviral treatment clinic attendants in Adwa hospital, northern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 9: 121.
-
15.
Taye S, Abdulkerim A, Hussen M, 2014. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections among patients with chronic hepatitis at Bereka Medical Center, southeast Ethiopia: a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes 7: 272.
-
16.
Kebede W, Abdissa A, Seid Y, Mekonnen Z, 2017. Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV infections among prisoners in Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 7: 270–275.
-
17.
Hundie GB, Raj VS, GebreMichael D, Pas SD, Haagmans BL, 2017. Genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus in Ethiopia. PLoS One 12: e0179064.
-
18.
FMOHE, The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2015. National Cancer Control Plan 2016–2020. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Disease Prevention and Control Directorate.
-
19.
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2015. Ethiopia Health Sector Transformation Plan (HSTP) 2015/16 - 2019/20. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health.
-
20.
Bane A, Patil A, Khatib M, 2014. Healthcare cost and access to care for viral hepatitis in Ethiopia. Int J Innovation Appl Stud 9: 1718–1723.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 2018. Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Persons Diagnosed with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
22.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health, 2016/2017. Health Sector Transformation Plan-I. Annual Performance Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health.
-
23.
Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia, 2015. National Essential Medicine List, 5th edition. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FMHACA.
-
24.
Gilead Sciences Inc., 2015. Chronic Viral Hepatitis Treatment Expansion: Generic Manufacturing for Developing Countries. Available at: http://www.gilead.com/∼/media/files/pdfs/other/hcv%20generic%20agreement%20fast%20facts%20101615.pdf?la=en. Accessed July 25, 2019.
-
25.
Shiferaw F, Letebo M, Bane A, 2016. Chronic viral hepatitis: policy, regulation, and strategies for its control and elimination in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 16: 769.
-
26.
Hundie GB, Raj VS, GebreMichael D, Haagmans BL, 2017. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B and C virus infections among blood donors in Ethiopia. J Med Virol 89: 1300–1303.
-
27.
Assefa Y, Hill PS, Williams OD, 2018. Access to hepatitis C virus treatment: lessons from the implementation of strategies for increasing access to antiretroviral treatment. Int J Infect Dis 70: 65–68.
-
28.
Belyhun Y, Maier M, Mulu A, Diro E, Liebert UG, 2016. Hepatitis viruses in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 16: 761.
-
29.
Ethiopian Public Health Institute E, 2012. Public Health Emergency Management. Guidelines for Ethiopia Center PHEM. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EPHI).
-
30.
Tafesse TB, Gebru AA, Gobalee S, Belay GD, Belew MT, Ataro D, Ebrahim BA, Shebeshi GM, Yimam Y, 2017. Seroprevalence and diagnosis of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors. Hum Antibodies 25: 39–55.
-
31.
Manyazewal T, Sisay Z, Biadgilign S, Abegaz WE, 2014. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among antiretroviral-naive and experienced HIV co-infected adults. J Med Microbiol 63: 742–747.
-
32.
Birhaneselassie M, 2016. Prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections in donors to an Ethiopian blood bank between 2009 and 2013 and donation factors that would improve the safety of the blood supply in underdeveloped countries. Lab Med 47: 134–139.
-
33.
Teklemariam Z, Mitiku H, Weldegebreal F, 2018. Seroprevalence and trends of transfusion-transmitted infections at Harar blood bank in Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia: eight years retrospective study. BMC Hematol 18: 24.
-
34.
Graham CS, Swan T, 2015. A path to eradication of hepatitis C in low- and middle-income countries. Antiviral Res 119: 89–96.
-
35.
Buller-Taylor T, McGuinness L, Yan M, Janjua NZ, 2018. Reducing patient and provider knowledge gaps: an evaluation of a community informed hepatitis C online course. Patient Educ Couns 101: 1095–1102.
-
36.
World Health Organization, 2015. Manual for the Development and Assessment of National Viral Hepatitis Plans: A Provisional Document. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
37.
Apata IW, Averhoff F, Pitman J, Bjork A, Yu J, Amin NA, Dhingra N, Kolwaite A, Marfin AJ, 2014. Progress toward prevention of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection—sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 613.
-
38.
Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM, 2018. New virological tools for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of hepatitis B and C in resource-limited settings. J Hepatol 69: 916–926.
-
39.
World Health Organization, 2016. Monitoring and Evaluation for Viral Hepatitis B and C: Recommended Indicators and Framework. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204790. Accessed July 25, 2019.
-
40.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection Consensus Statement Working Group, 2018. Australian Recommendations for the Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Consensus Statement (September 2018). Melbourne, Australia: Australia GSo.
-
41.
Kattakuzhy S et al. 2017. Expansion of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by task shifting to community-based nonspecialist providers: a nonrandomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 167: 311–318.
-
42.
Belperio PS, Chartier M, Gonzalez RI, Park AM, Ross DB, Morgan TR, Backus LI, 2018. Hepatitis C care in the department of veterans affairs: building a foundation for success. Infect Dis Clin 32: 281–292.
-
43.
Kushner R. Micro-elimination of hepatitis C: a pathway to achieve national elimination goals. CATIE, Canada. Available at: https://www.catie.ca/en/pif/spring-2019/Hepatitis-C. Accessed July 25, 2019.
-
44.
Maticic M, Lekše A, Kozinc M, Dolničar M, Andoljšek D, Zupan IP, Faganel B, Poljak M, Lazarus J, 2018. Micro-elemination of hepatitis C among patients with congenital bleeding disorders in Slovenia. J Hepatol 68: S193–S194.
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