Sithithaworn P, Andrews RH, Nguyen VD, Wongsaroj T, Sinuon M, Odermatt P, Nawa Y, Liang S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, 2012. The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong basin. Parasitol Int 61: 10–16.
Jittimanee J, Sermswan RW, Puapairoj A, Maleewong W, Wongratanacheewin S, 2007. Cytokine expression in hamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasite Immunol 29: 159–167.
Prakobwong S, Pinlaor S, Yongvanit P, Sithithaworn P, Pairojkul C, Hiraku Y, 2009. Time profiles of the expression of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases, cytokines and collagens in hamsters infected with Opisthorchis viverrini with special reference to peribiliary fibrosis and liver injury. Int J Parasitol 39: 825–835.
Yongvanit P, Pinlaor S, Bartsch H, 2012. Oxidative and nitrative DNA damage: key events in opisthorchiasis-induced carcinogenesis. Parasitol Int 61: 130–135.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2012. Biological agents. Volume 100 B. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 100: 1–441.
Laothong U, Pinlaor P, Boonsiri P, Hiraku Y, Khoontawad J, Hongsrichan N, Charoensuk L, Pinlaor S, 2013. α-Tocopherol and lipid profiles in plasma and the expression of alpha-tocopherol-related molecules in the liver of Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. Parasitol Int 62: 127–133.
Adam R, Hinz E, Sithithaworn P, Pipitgool V, Storch V, 1993. Ultrastructural hepatic alterations in hamsters and jirds after experimental infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitol Res 79: 357–364.
Laothong U, Pinlaor P, Boonsiri P, Pairojkul C, Priprem A, Johns NP, Charoensuk L, Intuyod K, Pinlaor S, 2013. Melatonin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma and reduces liver injury in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected and N-nitrosodimethylamine-treated hamsters. J Pineal Res 55: 257–266.
Chaidee A et al. 2018. Co-occurrence of opisthorchiasis and diabetes exacerbates morbidity of the hepatobiliary tract disease. Plos Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006611.
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, Charlton M, Sanyal AJ; American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterologyh, 2012. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 142: 1592–1609.
Rinella ME, 2015. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. JAMA 313: 2263–2273.
Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, Torres DM, Shaw J, Contreras M, Landt CL, Harrison SA, 2011. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 140: 124–131.
Birkenfeld AL, Shulman GI, 2014. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Hepatology 59: 713–723.
Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M, 2016. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64: 73–84.
Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, George J, Bugianesi E, 2018. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 11–20.
Tacke F, Yoneyama H, 2013. From NAFLD to NASH to fibrosis to HCC: role of dendritic cell populations in the liver. Hepatology 58: 494–496.
Chen Y, Yousaf MN, Mehal WZ, 2018. Role of sterile inflammation in fatty liver diseases. Liver Res 2: 21–29.
Ganz M, Bukong TN, Csak T, Saha B, Park JK, Ambade A, Kodys K, Szabo G, 2015. Progression of non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis parallels cumulative accumulation of danger signals that promote inflammation and liver tumors in a high fat-cholesterol-sugar diet model in mice. J Transl Med 13: 193.
Angulo P et al. 2015. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 149: 389–397 e10.
Kanwal F et al. 2018. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 155: 1828–1837 e2.
Wongjarupong N, Assavapongpaiboon B, Susantitaphong P, Cheungpasitporn W, Treeprasertsuk S, Rerknimitr R, Chaiteerakij R, 2017. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 17: 149.
Kinoshita M, Kubo S, Tanaka S, Takemura S, Nishioka T, Hamano G, Ito T, Tanaka S, Ohsawa M, Shibata T, 2016. The association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital based case-control study. J Surg Oncol 113: 779–783.
Aekplakorn W, Satheannoppakao W, Putwatana P, Taneepanichskul S, Kessomboon P, Chongsuvivatwong V, Chariyalertsak S, 2015. Dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome in Thai adults. J Nutr Metab 2015: 468759.
Thinkhamrop K, Khuntikeo N, Phonjitt P, Chamadol N, Thinkhamrop B, Moore MA, Promthet S, 2015. Association between diabetes mellitus and fatty liver based on ultrasonography screening in the world’s highest cholangiocarcinoma incidence region, northeast Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16: 3931–3936.
Sripa B, Bethony JM, Sithithaworn P, Kaewkes S, Mairiang E, Loukas A, Mulvenna J, Laha T, Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, 2011. Opisthorchiasis and opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Acta Trop 120 (Suppl 1): S158–S168.
Mairiang E, Laha T, Bethony JM, Thinkhamrop B, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P, Tesana S, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, 2012. Ultrasonography assessment of hepatobiliary abnormalities in 3359 subjects with Opisthorchis viverrini infection in endemic areas of Thailand. Parasitol Int 61: 208–211.
Charoensuk L, Pinlaor P, Laothong U, Yongvanit P, Pairojkul C, Nawa Y, Pinlaor S, 2014. Bile canalicular changes and defective bile secretion in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 61: 512–522.
Hongsrichan N, Intuyod K, Pinlaor P, Khoontawad J, Yongvanit P, Wongkham C, Roytrakul S, Pinlaor S, 2014. Cytokine/chemokine secretion and proteomic identification of upregulated annexin A1 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Infect Immun 82: 2135–2147.
Lvova MN, Tangkawattana S, Balthaisong S, Katokhin AV, Mordvinov VA, Sripa B, 2012. Comparative histopathology of Opisthorchis felineus and Opisthorchis viverrini in a hamster model: an implication of high pathogenicity of the European liver fluke. Parasitol Int 61: 167–172.
Sithithaworn P, Pipitgool V, Srisawangwong T, Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins MR, 1997. Seasonal variation of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in cyprinoid fish in north-east Thailand: implications for parasite control and food safety. Bull World Health Organ 75: 125–131.
Morris JL, Bridson TL, Alim MA, Rush CM, Rudd DM, Govan BL, Ketheesan N, 2016. Development of a diet-induced murine model of diabetes featuring cardinal metabolic and pathophysiological abnormalities of type 2 diabetes. Biol Open 5: 1149–1162.
Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR, 1999. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 2467–2474.
Goodman ZD, 2007. Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 47: 598–607.
Bedossa P, Poitou C, Veyrie N, Bouillot JL, Basdevant A, Paradis V, Tordjman J, Clement K, 2012. Histopathological algorithm and scoring system for evaluation of liver lesions in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 56: 1751–1759.
Junqueira LC, Cossermelli W, Brentani R, 1978. Differential staining of collagens type I, II and III by sirius red and polarization microscopy. Arch Histol Jpn 41: 267–274.
Lowell BB, Shulman GI, 2005. Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science 307: 384–387.
Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Ozdelen E, Tuncman G, Gorgun C, Glimcher LH, Hotamisligil GS, 2004. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 306: 457–461.
Yu J, Shen J, Sun TT, Zhang X, Wong N, 2013. Obesity, insulin resistance, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 23: 483–491.
Patel A, Harrison SA, 2012. Hepatitis C virus infection and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 8: 305–312.
Onofrio LI, Arocena AR, Paroli AF, Cabalen ME, Andrada MC, Cano RC, Gea S, 2015. Trypanosoma cruzi infection is a potent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis enhancing local and systemic inflammation associated with strong oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003464.
Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA, 2016. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism 65: 1038–1048.
Changbumrung S, Ratarasarn S, Hongtong K, Migasena P, Vutikes S, Migasena S, 1988. Lipid composition of serum lipoprotein in opisthorchiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 82: 263–269.
Stanley RG, Jackson CL, Griffiths K, Doenhoff MJ, 2009. Effects of Schistosoma mansoni worms and eggs on circulating cholesterol and liver lipids in mice. Atherosclerosis 207: 131–138.
Mukerjee S, Chander R, Tekwani BL, Gupta S, Katiyar JC, Shukla OP, Kapoor NK, 1990. Molecular basis of hyperlipidemia in golden hamsters during experimental infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Nematoda:Strongylidae). Int J Parasitol 20: 217–223.
Kozat S, Denizhan V, 2010. Glucose, lipid, and lipoprotein levels in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. J Parasitol 96: 657–659.
Farrell GC, Larter CZ, 2006. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatology 43 (Suppl 1): S99–S112.
Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, Guy C, Unalp-Arida A, Colvin R, Johnson RJ, Diehl AM, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research N, 2010. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51: 1961–1971.
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The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, including in regions where helminth infections such as the fish-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) also occur. We investigated the effects of a high-fat and high-fructose (HFF) diet on the development and progression of NAFLD in experimental opisthorchiasis. Two groups of hamsters were infected with Ov for 4 months before the experiment to induce chronic inflammation. One of these groups (OvHFF) was fed with a HFF diet for up to further 4 months. One uninfected group of hamsters served as the normal control group, and another received the HFF diet (HFF group) for up to 4 months. Histopathology, biochemical parameters, and ultrastructural features of liver were investigated. In a short-term treatment, the OvHFF group showed significantly better homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance level and lower liver lipid than did the HFF group. By contrast, histopathological characteristics of severe NAFLD were prominent in the OvHFF group after 4 months on the HFF diet, findings which were supported by confirmatory ultrastructural changes. In conclusion, opisthorchiasis induced the severe NAFLD in hamsters fed high-fat/high-fructose diets.
Financial support: The Thailand Research Fund (RSA5780046) (S. P.) supported this project. A. C. is a graduate student supported by the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Ph.D.-M.D. Program, and the Thailand Research Fund and Khon Kaen University through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (grant number PHD/0011/2555) (to A. C. and S. P.) and Invitation Research Fund and Research assistant, the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand (IN59158).
Authors’ addresses: Apisit Chaidee, Sudarat Onsurathum, Kitti Intuyod, Ornuma Haonon, and Somchai Pinlaor, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mails: apisit.chaidee@gmail.com, onsurathum.s@gmail.com, kitti.i@kkumail.com, ornuma_hao@kkumail.com, and psomec@kku.ac.th. Patchareewan Pannangpetch, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: patc_pan@kku.ac.th. Chatlert Pongchaiyakul, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: pchatl@kku.ac.th. Porntip Pinlaor, Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: porawa@kku.ac.th. Chawalit Pairojkul, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: chawalit.pjk2011@gmail.com. Jariya Umka Welbat, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: jariya_umka@yahoo.com. Wannaporn Ittiprasert, Christina J. Cochran, Victoria H. Mann, and Paul J. Brindley, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, E-mails: wannaporni@gwu.edu, tinajcochran@hotmail.com, vmann@gwu.edu, and pbrindley@gwu.edu.
Sithithaworn P, Andrews RH, Nguyen VD, Wongsaroj T, Sinuon M, Odermatt P, Nawa Y, Liang S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, 2012. The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong basin. Parasitol Int 61: 10–16.
Jittimanee J, Sermswan RW, Puapairoj A, Maleewong W, Wongratanacheewin S, 2007. Cytokine expression in hamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasite Immunol 29: 159–167.
Prakobwong S, Pinlaor S, Yongvanit P, Sithithaworn P, Pairojkul C, Hiraku Y, 2009. Time profiles of the expression of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases, cytokines and collagens in hamsters infected with Opisthorchis viverrini with special reference to peribiliary fibrosis and liver injury. Int J Parasitol 39: 825–835.
Yongvanit P, Pinlaor S, Bartsch H, 2012. Oxidative and nitrative DNA damage: key events in opisthorchiasis-induced carcinogenesis. Parasitol Int 61: 130–135.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2012. Biological agents. Volume 100 B. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 100: 1–441.
Laothong U, Pinlaor P, Boonsiri P, Hiraku Y, Khoontawad J, Hongsrichan N, Charoensuk L, Pinlaor S, 2013. α-Tocopherol and lipid profiles in plasma and the expression of alpha-tocopherol-related molecules in the liver of Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. Parasitol Int 62: 127–133.
Adam R, Hinz E, Sithithaworn P, Pipitgool V, Storch V, 1993. Ultrastructural hepatic alterations in hamsters and jirds after experimental infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitol Res 79: 357–364.
Laothong U, Pinlaor P, Boonsiri P, Pairojkul C, Priprem A, Johns NP, Charoensuk L, Intuyod K, Pinlaor S, 2013. Melatonin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma and reduces liver injury in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected and N-nitrosodimethylamine-treated hamsters. J Pineal Res 55: 257–266.
Chaidee A et al. 2018. Co-occurrence of opisthorchiasis and diabetes exacerbates morbidity of the hepatobiliary tract disease. Plos Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006611.
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, Charlton M, Sanyal AJ; American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterologyh, 2012. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 142: 1592–1609.
Rinella ME, 2015. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. JAMA 313: 2263–2273.
Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, Torres DM, Shaw J, Contreras M, Landt CL, Harrison SA, 2011. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 140: 124–131.
Birkenfeld AL, Shulman GI, 2014. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Hepatology 59: 713–723.
Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M, 2016. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64: 73–84.
Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, George J, Bugianesi E, 2018. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 11–20.
Tacke F, Yoneyama H, 2013. From NAFLD to NASH to fibrosis to HCC: role of dendritic cell populations in the liver. Hepatology 58: 494–496.
Chen Y, Yousaf MN, Mehal WZ, 2018. Role of sterile inflammation in fatty liver diseases. Liver Res 2: 21–29.
Ganz M, Bukong TN, Csak T, Saha B, Park JK, Ambade A, Kodys K, Szabo G, 2015. Progression of non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis parallels cumulative accumulation of danger signals that promote inflammation and liver tumors in a high fat-cholesterol-sugar diet model in mice. J Transl Med 13: 193.
Angulo P et al. 2015. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 149: 389–397 e10.
Kanwal F et al. 2018. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 155: 1828–1837 e2.
Wongjarupong N, Assavapongpaiboon B, Susantitaphong P, Cheungpasitporn W, Treeprasertsuk S, Rerknimitr R, Chaiteerakij R, 2017. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 17: 149.
Kinoshita M, Kubo S, Tanaka S, Takemura S, Nishioka T, Hamano G, Ito T, Tanaka S, Ohsawa M, Shibata T, 2016. The association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital based case-control study. J Surg Oncol 113: 779–783.
Aekplakorn W, Satheannoppakao W, Putwatana P, Taneepanichskul S, Kessomboon P, Chongsuvivatwong V, Chariyalertsak S, 2015. Dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome in Thai adults. J Nutr Metab 2015: 468759.
Thinkhamrop K, Khuntikeo N, Phonjitt P, Chamadol N, Thinkhamrop B, Moore MA, Promthet S, 2015. Association between diabetes mellitus and fatty liver based on ultrasonography screening in the world’s highest cholangiocarcinoma incidence region, northeast Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16: 3931–3936.
Sripa B, Bethony JM, Sithithaworn P, Kaewkes S, Mairiang E, Loukas A, Mulvenna J, Laha T, Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, 2011. Opisthorchiasis and opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Acta Trop 120 (Suppl 1): S158–S168.
Mairiang E, Laha T, Bethony JM, Thinkhamrop B, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P, Tesana S, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, 2012. Ultrasonography assessment of hepatobiliary abnormalities in 3359 subjects with Opisthorchis viverrini infection in endemic areas of Thailand. Parasitol Int 61: 208–211.
Charoensuk L, Pinlaor P, Laothong U, Yongvanit P, Pairojkul C, Nawa Y, Pinlaor S, 2014. Bile canalicular changes and defective bile secretion in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 61: 512–522.
Hongsrichan N, Intuyod K, Pinlaor P, Khoontawad J, Yongvanit P, Wongkham C, Roytrakul S, Pinlaor S, 2014. Cytokine/chemokine secretion and proteomic identification of upregulated annexin A1 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Infect Immun 82: 2135–2147.
Lvova MN, Tangkawattana S, Balthaisong S, Katokhin AV, Mordvinov VA, Sripa B, 2012. Comparative histopathology of Opisthorchis felineus and Opisthorchis viverrini in a hamster model: an implication of high pathogenicity of the European liver fluke. Parasitol Int 61: 167–172.
Sithithaworn P, Pipitgool V, Srisawangwong T, Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins MR, 1997. Seasonal variation of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in cyprinoid fish in north-east Thailand: implications for parasite control and food safety. Bull World Health Organ 75: 125–131.
Morris JL, Bridson TL, Alim MA, Rush CM, Rudd DM, Govan BL, Ketheesan N, 2016. Development of a diet-induced murine model of diabetes featuring cardinal metabolic and pathophysiological abnormalities of type 2 diabetes. Biol Open 5: 1149–1162.
Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR, 1999. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 2467–2474.
Goodman ZD, 2007. Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 47: 598–607.
Bedossa P, Poitou C, Veyrie N, Bouillot JL, Basdevant A, Paradis V, Tordjman J, Clement K, 2012. Histopathological algorithm and scoring system for evaluation of liver lesions in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 56: 1751–1759.
Junqueira LC, Cossermelli W, Brentani R, 1978. Differential staining of collagens type I, II and III by sirius red and polarization microscopy. Arch Histol Jpn 41: 267–274.
Lowell BB, Shulman GI, 2005. Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science 307: 384–387.
Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Ozdelen E, Tuncman G, Gorgun C, Glimcher LH, Hotamisligil GS, 2004. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 306: 457–461.
Yu J, Shen J, Sun TT, Zhang X, Wong N, 2013. Obesity, insulin resistance, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 23: 483–491.
Patel A, Harrison SA, 2012. Hepatitis C virus infection and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 8: 305–312.
Onofrio LI, Arocena AR, Paroli AF, Cabalen ME, Andrada MC, Cano RC, Gea S, 2015. Trypanosoma cruzi infection is a potent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis enhancing local and systemic inflammation associated with strong oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003464.
Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA, 2016. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism 65: 1038–1048.
Changbumrung S, Ratarasarn S, Hongtong K, Migasena P, Vutikes S, Migasena S, 1988. Lipid composition of serum lipoprotein in opisthorchiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 82: 263–269.
Stanley RG, Jackson CL, Griffiths K, Doenhoff MJ, 2009. Effects of Schistosoma mansoni worms and eggs on circulating cholesterol and liver lipids in mice. Atherosclerosis 207: 131–138.
Mukerjee S, Chander R, Tekwani BL, Gupta S, Katiyar JC, Shukla OP, Kapoor NK, 1990. Molecular basis of hyperlipidemia in golden hamsters during experimental infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Nematoda:Strongylidae). Int J Parasitol 20: 217–223.
Kozat S, Denizhan V, 2010. Glucose, lipid, and lipoprotein levels in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. J Parasitol 96: 657–659.
Farrell GC, Larter CZ, 2006. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatology 43 (Suppl 1): S99–S112.
Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, Guy C, Unalp-Arida A, Colvin R, Johnson RJ, Diehl AM, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research N, 2010. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51: 1961–1971.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 118 | 118 | 79 |
Full Text Views | 729 | 157 | 4 |
PDF Downloads | 246 | 73 | 2 |