Author:
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1.
Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Sharp P, Onweh DH, Schley AW, Anderson WJ; Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions Group, 2016. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions–United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 1–152.
-
2.
Biggs HM et al. 2016. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: rocky mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis–United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 65: 1–44.
-
3.
Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L, Beard CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Tick-borne zoonoses in the United States: persistent and emerging threats to human health. ILAR J 58: 319–335.
-
4.
Randolph SE, 2004. Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors. Parasitology 129 (Suppl): S37–S65.
-
5.
de Oliveira SV et al. 2016. An update on the epidemiological situation of spotted fever in Brazil. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 22: 22.
-
6.
Brouqui P et al. Escmid Study Group on Coxiella AR, Bartonella, European Network for Surveillance of Tick-Borne D, 2004. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10: 1108–1132.
-
7.
Stewart-Ibarra AM et al. 2018. The burden of dengue fever and chikungunya in southern coastal Ecuador: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and phylogenetics from the first two years of a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hygeine 98: 1444–1459.
-
8.
Noda H, Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ, 1997. Endosymbionts of ticks and their relationship to Wolbachia spp. and tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3926–3932.
-
9.
Wilfert CM, MacCormack JN, Kleeman K, Philip RN, Austin E, Dickinson V, Turner L, 1985. The prevalence of antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii in an area endemic for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Infect Dis 151: 823–831.
-
10.
Paris DH, Dumler JS, 2016. State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: the use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsiosis, and murine typhus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 433–439.
-
11.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2009. Public Health Reporting and National Notification for Spotted Fever Rickettsioses (Including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Position Statement. Buffalo, NY: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual Conference.
-
12.
Faccini-Martinez AA et al. 2017. Epidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsioses and acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Villeta, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 782–788.
-
13.
Faccini-Martinez AA, Munoz-Leal S, Acosta ICL, de Oliveira SV, de Lima Dure AI, Cerutti CJ, Labruna MB, 2018. Confirming Rickettsia rickettsii as the etiological agent of lethal spotted fever group rickettsiosis in human patients from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 496–499.
-
14.
Quintero VJ, Paternina TL, Uribe YA, Muskus C, Hidalgo M, Gil J, Cienfuegos GA, Osorio QL, Rojas AC, 2017. Eco-epidemiological analysis of rickettsial seropositivity in rural areas of Colombia: a multilevel approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005892.
-
15.
Kocher C et al. 2016. Rickettsial disease in the Peruvian Amazon basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004843.
-
16.
Faccini-Martinez AA, Felix ML, Armua-Fernandez MT, Venzal JM, 2018. An autochthonous confirmed case of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis in Uruguay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 718–719.
-
17.
Manock SR et al. 2009. Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 146–151.
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Detection of Antibodies to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Arboviral Coinfections in Febrile Individuals in 2014–2015 in Southern Coastal Ecuador
Lorne Farovitch
Lorne Farovitch
University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York;
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Rachel Sippy
Rachel Sippy
State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
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University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
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Efraín Beltrán-Ayala
Efraín Beltrán-Ayala
Universidad Técnica Machala, Machala, Ecuador;
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Timothy P. Endy
Timothy P. Endy
State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;
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Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra
Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra
State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;
InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), Montevideo, Uruguay;
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InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), Montevideo, Uruguay;
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Brian F. Leydet Jr.
Brian F. Leydet Jr.
State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York
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State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York
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Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a growing public health threat and are increasingly identified as the cause of undifferentiated febrile illness. There is a significant gap in our understanding of ticks and their associated pathogens in Ecuador. An arboviral surveillance study allowed us to explore potential exposure to TBDs in febrile subjects. We tested plasma samples from 222 febrile subjects for spotted fever group rickettsial (SFGR) antibodies from southern coastal Ecuador in 2014–2015 via ELISA. Fifty-five (25%) subjects had evidence of anti-SFRG IgG or IgM antibodies. Although attempts to detect Rickettsia species in plasma by polymerase chain reaction were unsuccessful, these preliminary data suggest the possibility of endemic SFGR transmission in Ecuador. To better understand the burden and entomological risk for TBDs in Ecuador, future studies should expand TBD surveillance in humans, document common human-biting ticks, and measure pathogen carriage rates in questing ticks.
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Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infection Surveillance (GEIS) grant (P0220_13_OT), the Department of Medicine of SUNY Upstate Medical University, and SUNY-ESF.
Authors’ addresses: Lorne Farovitch, Department of Translational Biomedical Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, E-mail: lorne_farovitch@urmc.rochester.edu. Rachel Sippy, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, and Department of Medical Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: sippyr@upstate.edu. Efraín Beltrán-Ayala, Department of Medicine, Universidad Técnica Machala, Machala, Ecuador, E-mail: felixbeltran57@hotmail.com. Timothy P. Endy and Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, E-mails: endyt@upstate.edu and stewarta@upstate.edu. Brian F. Leydet Jr., Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, E-mail: bfleydet@esf.edu.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Sharp P, Onweh DH, Schley AW, Anderson WJ; Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions Group, 2016. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions–United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63: 1–152.
-
2.
Biggs HM et al. 2016. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: rocky mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis–United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 65: 1–44.
-
3.
Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L, Beard CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Tick-borne zoonoses in the United States: persistent and emerging threats to human health. ILAR J 58: 319–335.
-
4.
Randolph SE, 2004. Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors. Parasitology 129 (Suppl): S37–S65.
-
5.
de Oliveira SV et al. 2016. An update on the epidemiological situation of spotted fever in Brazil. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 22: 22.
-
6.
Brouqui P et al. Escmid Study Group on Coxiella AR, Bartonella, European Network for Surveillance of Tick-Borne D, 2004. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 10: 1108–1132.
-
7.
Stewart-Ibarra AM et al. 2018. The burden of dengue fever and chikungunya in southern coastal Ecuador: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and phylogenetics from the first two years of a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hygeine 98: 1444–1459.
-
8.
Noda H, Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ, 1997. Endosymbionts of ticks and their relationship to Wolbachia spp. and tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3926–3932.
-
9.
Wilfert CM, MacCormack JN, Kleeman K, Philip RN, Austin E, Dickinson V, Turner L, 1985. The prevalence of antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii in an area endemic for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Infect Dis 151: 823–831.
-
10.
Paris DH, Dumler JS, 2016. State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: the use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsiosis, and murine typhus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 433–439.
-
11.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2009. Public Health Reporting and National Notification for Spotted Fever Rickettsioses (Including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Position Statement. Buffalo, NY: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual Conference.
-
12.
Faccini-Martinez AA et al. 2017. Epidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsioses and acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Villeta, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 782–788.
-
13.
Faccini-Martinez AA, Munoz-Leal S, Acosta ICL, de Oliveira SV, de Lima Dure AI, Cerutti CJ, Labruna MB, 2018. Confirming Rickettsia rickettsii as the etiological agent of lethal spotted fever group rickettsiosis in human patients from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 496–499.
-
14.
Quintero VJ, Paternina TL, Uribe YA, Muskus C, Hidalgo M, Gil J, Cienfuegos GA, Osorio QL, Rojas AC, 2017. Eco-epidemiological analysis of rickettsial seropositivity in rural areas of Colombia: a multilevel approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005892.
-
15.
Kocher C et al. 2016. Rickettsial disease in the Peruvian Amazon basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004843.
-
16.
Faccini-Martinez AA, Felix ML, Armua-Fernandez MT, Venzal JM, 2018. An autochthonous confirmed case of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis in Uruguay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 718–719.
-
17.
Manock SR et al. 2009. Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 146–151.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 32 | 32 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 381 | 102 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 117 | 24 | 0 |