- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Serum samples.
- Parasite and crude somatic antigen.
- Identification of specific antigen by LC-MS/MS.
- Total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis.
- DNA sequencing analysis.
- Protein expression and purification.
- Analysis of the antigenic recombinant protein.
- Evaluation of rAcGal2 as a diagnostic antigen for human angiostrongyliasis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cross JH, 1978. Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis syndrome associated with angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 9: 161–170.
-
2.
Pien FD, Pien BC, 1999. Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 3: 161–163.
-
3.
Tsai HC et al. 2001. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: report of 17 cases. Am J Med 111: 109–114.
-
4.
Wang QP, Lai DH, Zhu XQ, Chen XG, Lun ZR, 2008. Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 621–630.
-
5.
Eamsobhana P, Lim PE, Yong HS, 2013. Genetic diversity of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 15–17.
-
6.
Thiengo SC, Simoes RO, Fernandez MA, Maldonado A, 2013. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and rat lungworm disease in Brazil. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 18–22.
-
7.
Tsai HC, Chen YS, Yen CM, 2013. Human parasitic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Taiwan. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 26–27.
-
8.
Wang QP, Chen XG, Lun ZR, 2007. Invasive fresh water snail, China. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1119–1120.
-
9.
Tesana S, Srisawangwong T, Sithithaworn P, Laha T, Andrews R, 2009. Prevalence and intensity of infection with third stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks from Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 983–987.
-
10.
Panackel C, Cherian G, Vijayakumar K, Sharma RN, 2006. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Indian J Med Microbiol 24: 220–221.
-
11.
Lai CH, Yen CM, Chin C, Chung HC, Kuo HC, Lin HH, 2007. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis after ingestion of raw frogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 399–402.
-
12.
Slom TJ et al. 2002. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med 346: 668–675.
-
13.
Tsai HC, Lee SS, Huang CK, Yen CM, Chen ER, Liu YC, 2004. Outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis associated with drinking raw vegetable juice in southern Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 222–226.
-
14.
Punyagupta S, 1979. Angiostrongyliasis: clinical features and human pathology. Cross JH, ed. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia. Taipei, Taiwan: U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, 138–150.
-
15.
Cross JH, Chen ER, 2007. Angiostrongyliasis. Murrell KD, Fried B, eds. Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant Borne Parasites. New York, NY: Springer, 263–290.
-
16.
Graeff-Teixeira C, da Silva AC, Yoshimura K, 2009. Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 322–348.
-
17.
Nuamtanong S, 1996. The evaluation of the 29 and 31 kDa antigens in female Angiostrongylus cantonensis for serodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27: 291–296.
-
18.
Maleewong W, Sombatsawat P, Intapan PM, Wongkham C, Chotmongkol V, 2001. Immunoblot evaluation of the specificity of the 29-kDa antigen from young adult female worms Angiostrongylus cantonensis for immunodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 19: 267–273.
-
19.
Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkol V, 2003. Evaluation of human IgG subclass antibodies in the serodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Parasitol Res 89: 425–429.
-
20.
Eamsobhana P, Yoolek A, Punthuprapasa P, Suvouttho S, 2004. A dot-blot ELISA comparable to immunoblot for the specific diagnosis of human parastrongyliasis. J Helminthol 78: 287–291.
-
21.
Eamsobhana P, Prasartvit A, Gan XX, Yong HS, 2015. Evaluation of dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for rapid serodiagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). Trop Biomed 32: 121–125.
-
22.
Eamsobhana P, Tungtrongchitr A, Wanachiwanawin D, Yong HS, 2018. Immunochromatographic test for rapid serological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Int J Infect Dis 73: 69–71.
-
23.
Morassutti AL, Perelygin A, Levert K, Lin SC, Lee YM, da Silva AJ, Wilkins PP, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2013. Expression of recombinant antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a brief report. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 58–62.
-
24.
Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins M, Anderson RM, 1986. The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre- and post-treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 774–792.
-
25.
Chotmongkol V, Sawanyawisuth K, Thavornpitak Y, 2000. Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 31: 660–662.
-
26.
Somboonpatarakun C, Rodpai R, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Sadaow L, Wongkham C, Insawang T, Boonmars T, Maleewong W, 2018. Immuno-proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, and T. papuae extracts recognized by human T. spiralis-infected sera. Parasitol Res 117: 201–212.
-
27.
Kolaskar AS, Tongaonkar PC, 1990. A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens. FEBS Lett 276: 172–174.
-
28.
Galen RS, 1980. Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing. Pediatr Clin North Am 27: 861–869.
-
29.
Vitta A, Yoshino TP, Kalambaheti T, Komalamisra C, Waikagul J, Ruangsittichai J, Dekumyoy P, 2010. Application of recombinant SMR-domain containing protein of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in immunoblot diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 41: 785–799.
-
30.
Li ZY, Lv ZY, Wei J, Liao Q, Zheng HQ, Wu ZD, 2012. Cloning and characterization of a novel gene encoding 16 kDa protein (Ac16) from Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Parasitol Res 110: 2145–2153.
-
31.
Vitta A, Dekumyoy P, Komalamisra C, Kalambaheti T, Yoshino TP, 2016. Cloning and expression of a 16-kDa recombinant protein from Angiostrongylus cantonensis for use in immunoblot diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Parasitol Res 115: 4115–4122.
-
32.
Cognato BB, Handali S, Morassutti AL, da Silva AJ, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2018. Heterologous expression of three antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: ES-7, Lec-5, and 14-3-3 in mammalian cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 221: 32–35.
-
33.
Eamsobhana P, Tungtrongchitr A, Wanachiwanawin D, Yong HS, Mak JW, 1998. Characterization of a 31-kDa specific antigen from Parastrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Int Med Res J 2: 9–12.
-
34.
Morassutti AL, Levert K, Perelygin A, da Silva AJ, Wilkins P, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2012. The 31-kDa antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis comprises distinct antigenic glycoproteins. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 961–968.
-
35.
Elola MT, Wolfenstein-Todel C, Troncoso MF, Vasta GR, Rabinovich GA, 2007. Galectins: matricellular glycan-binding proteins linking cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Cell Mol Life Sci 64: 1679–1700.
-
36.
Hainz U, Jurgens B, Heitger A, 2007. The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in transplantation. Transpl Int 20: 118–127.
-
37.
Hewitson JP, Harcus YM, Curwen RS, Dowle AA, Atmadja AK, Ashton PD, Wilson A, Maizels RM, 2008. The secretome of the filarial parasite, Brugia malayi: proteomic profile of adult excretory-secretory products. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160: 8–21.
-
38.
Klion AD, Donelson JE, 1994. OvGa1BP, a filarial antigen with homology to vertebrate galactoside–binding proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 65: 305–315.
-
39.
Morassutti AL, Levert K, Pinto PM, da Silva AJ, Wilkins P, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2012. Characterization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis excretory-secretory proteins as potential diagnostic targets. Exp Parasitol 130: 26–31.
-
40.
Zhou R, Caspi RR, 2010. Ocular immune privilege. F1000 Biol Rep 2: 3.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 543 | 485 | 23 |
| Full Text Views | 857 | 31 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 290 | 22 | 1 |
Application of Recombinant Angiostrongylus cantonensis Galectin-2 Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Angiostrongyliasis by Immunoblotting
Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun
Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Pewpan M. Intapan
Pewpan M. Intapan
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Oranuch Sanpool
Oranuch Sanpool
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Chaisiri Wongkham
Chaisiri Wongkham
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Wanchai Maleewong
Wanchai Maleewong
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;
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Angiostrongyliasis is a foodborne disease caused by a zoonotic nematode, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which produces eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis (EOM) in humans. Definitive diagnosis is rarely possible because worms are almost never recovered from patients. Human disease can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms and serological tests. Presently, diagnosis is performed by serological detection of antibodies against specific somatic antigens (molecular mass 29–31 kDa) extracted from female worms. The life cycle of A. cantonensis must be maintained in the laboratory to provide a source of this diagnostic antigen. Here, we cloned and expressed recombinant A. cantonensis galectin-2 (rAcGal2) corresponding to a 31-kDa antigenic peptide. Recombinant protein was purified and used in immunoblot tests, which showed reactions with human serum panels consisting of six confirmed angiostrongyliasis and 24 clinically diagnosed cases of EOM-associated with angiostrongyliasis, 160 samples from patients with other parasitic infections, and 30 samples from normal healthy subjects. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.0%, 93.3%, 95.3%, 75.7%, and 98.9%, respectively. The test was nonreactive with sera of human gnathostomiasis and cysticercosis, two diseases that could present similar neurological symptoms. Recombinant AcGal2 has potential as a diagnostic antigen and could replace native parasite antigens in further development of an angiostrongyliasis serodiagnostic test kit.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by Distinguished Research Professor Grant, Thailand Research Fund (P. M. I. and W. M.), and Khon Kaen University. C. S. was supported by a scholarship under the Post-Doctoral Training Program from the Research and Technology Transfer Affairs and Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Thailand (grant no. 59146).
Authors’ addresses: Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Pewpan M. Intapan, Oranuch Sanpool, and Wanchai Maleewong, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mails: chalermchai.cs@gmail.com, pewpan@kku.ac.th, oransa@kku.ac.th, and wanch_ma@kku.ac.th. Chaisiri Wongkham, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: chaisiri@kku.ac.th.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Serum samples.
- Parasite and crude somatic antigen.
- Identification of specific antigen by LC-MS/MS.
- Total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis.
- DNA sequencing analysis.
- Protein expression and purification.
- Analysis of the antigenic recombinant protein.
- Evaluation of rAcGal2 as a diagnostic antigen for human angiostrongyliasis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cross JH, 1978. Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis syndrome associated with angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 9: 161–170.
-
2.
Pien FD, Pien BC, 1999. Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 3: 161–163.
-
3.
Tsai HC et al. 2001. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: report of 17 cases. Am J Med 111: 109–114.
-
4.
Wang QP, Lai DH, Zhu XQ, Chen XG, Lun ZR, 2008. Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 621–630.
-
5.
Eamsobhana P, Lim PE, Yong HS, 2013. Genetic diversity of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 15–17.
-
6.
Thiengo SC, Simoes RO, Fernandez MA, Maldonado A, 2013. Angiostrongylus cantonensis and rat lungworm disease in Brazil. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 18–22.
-
7.
Tsai HC, Chen YS, Yen CM, 2013. Human parasitic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Taiwan. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 26–27.
-
8.
Wang QP, Chen XG, Lun ZR, 2007. Invasive fresh water snail, China. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1119–1120.
-
9.
Tesana S, Srisawangwong T, Sithithaworn P, Laha T, Andrews R, 2009. Prevalence and intensity of infection with third stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks from Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 983–987.
-
10.
Panackel C, Cherian G, Vijayakumar K, Sharma RN, 2006. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Indian J Med Microbiol 24: 220–221.
-
11.
Lai CH, Yen CM, Chin C, Chung HC, Kuo HC, Lin HH, 2007. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis after ingestion of raw frogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 399–402.
-
12.
Slom TJ et al. 2002. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med 346: 668–675.
-
13.
Tsai HC, Lee SS, Huang CK, Yen CM, Chen ER, Liu YC, 2004. Outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis associated with drinking raw vegetable juice in southern Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 222–226.
-
14.
Punyagupta S, 1979. Angiostrongyliasis: clinical features and human pathology. Cross JH, ed. Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia. Taipei, Taiwan: U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, 138–150.
-
15.
Cross JH, Chen ER, 2007. Angiostrongyliasis. Murrell KD, Fried B, eds. Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant Borne Parasites. New York, NY: Springer, 263–290.
-
16.
Graeff-Teixeira C, da Silva AC, Yoshimura K, 2009. Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 322–348.
-
17.
Nuamtanong S, 1996. The evaluation of the 29 and 31 kDa antigens in female Angiostrongylus cantonensis for serodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27: 291–296.
-
18.
Maleewong W, Sombatsawat P, Intapan PM, Wongkham C, Chotmongkol V, 2001. Immunoblot evaluation of the specificity of the 29-kDa antigen from young adult female worms Angiostrongylus cantonensis for immunodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 19: 267–273.
-
19.
Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkol V, 2003. Evaluation of human IgG subclass antibodies in the serodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Parasitol Res 89: 425–429.
-
20.
Eamsobhana P, Yoolek A, Punthuprapasa P, Suvouttho S, 2004. A dot-blot ELISA comparable to immunoblot for the specific diagnosis of human parastrongyliasis. J Helminthol 78: 287–291.
-
21.
Eamsobhana P, Prasartvit A, Gan XX, Yong HS, 2015. Evaluation of dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for rapid serodiagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). Trop Biomed 32: 121–125.
-
22.
Eamsobhana P, Tungtrongchitr A, Wanachiwanawin D, Yong HS, 2018. Immunochromatographic test for rapid serological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Int J Infect Dis 73: 69–71.
-
23.
Morassutti AL, Perelygin A, Levert K, Lin SC, Lee YM, da Silva AJ, Wilkins PP, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2013. Expression of recombinant antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a brief report. Hawaii J Med Public Health 72: 58–62.
-
24.
Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins M, Anderson RM, 1986. The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre- and post-treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 774–792.
-
25.
Chotmongkol V, Sawanyawisuth K, Thavornpitak Y, 2000. Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 31: 660–662.
-
26.
Somboonpatarakun C, Rodpai R, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Sadaow L, Wongkham C, Insawang T, Boonmars T, Maleewong W, 2018. Immuno-proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, and T. papuae extracts recognized by human T. spiralis-infected sera. Parasitol Res 117: 201–212.
-
27.
Kolaskar AS, Tongaonkar PC, 1990. A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens. FEBS Lett 276: 172–174.
-
28.
Galen RS, 1980. Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing. Pediatr Clin North Am 27: 861–869.
-
29.
Vitta A, Yoshino TP, Kalambaheti T, Komalamisra C, Waikagul J, Ruangsittichai J, Dekumyoy P, 2010. Application of recombinant SMR-domain containing protein of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in immunoblot diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 41: 785–799.
-
30.
Li ZY, Lv ZY, Wei J, Liao Q, Zheng HQ, Wu ZD, 2012. Cloning and characterization of a novel gene encoding 16 kDa protein (Ac16) from Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Parasitol Res 110: 2145–2153.
-
31.
Vitta A, Dekumyoy P, Komalamisra C, Kalambaheti T, Yoshino TP, 2016. Cloning and expression of a 16-kDa recombinant protein from Angiostrongylus cantonensis for use in immunoblot diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Parasitol Res 115: 4115–4122.
-
32.
Cognato BB, Handali S, Morassutti AL, da Silva AJ, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2018. Heterologous expression of three antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: ES-7, Lec-5, and 14-3-3 in mammalian cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 221: 32–35.
-
33.
Eamsobhana P, Tungtrongchitr A, Wanachiwanawin D, Yong HS, Mak JW, 1998. Characterization of a 31-kDa specific antigen from Parastrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Int Med Res J 2: 9–12.
-
34.
Morassutti AL, Levert K, Perelygin A, da Silva AJ, Wilkins P, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2012. The 31-kDa antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis comprises distinct antigenic glycoproteins. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 961–968.
-
35.
Elola MT, Wolfenstein-Todel C, Troncoso MF, Vasta GR, Rabinovich GA, 2007. Galectins: matricellular glycan-binding proteins linking cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Cell Mol Life Sci 64: 1679–1700.
-
36.
Hainz U, Jurgens B, Heitger A, 2007. The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in transplantation. Transpl Int 20: 118–127.
-
37.
Hewitson JP, Harcus YM, Curwen RS, Dowle AA, Atmadja AK, Ashton PD, Wilson A, Maizels RM, 2008. The secretome of the filarial parasite, Brugia malayi: proteomic profile of adult excretory-secretory products. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160: 8–21.
-
38.
Klion AD, Donelson JE, 1994. OvGa1BP, a filarial antigen with homology to vertebrate galactoside–binding proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 65: 305–315.
-
39.
Morassutti AL, Levert K, Pinto PM, da Silva AJ, Wilkins P, Graeff-Teixeira C, 2012. Characterization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis excretory-secretory proteins as potential diagnostic targets. Exp Parasitol 130: 26–31.
-
40.
Zhou R, Caspi RR, 2010. Ocular immune privilege. F1000 Biol Rep 2: 3.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 543 | 485 | 23 |
| Full Text Views | 857 | 31 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 290 | 22 | 1 |