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Reference Manager
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WHO, 2018. World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Farnert A et al. 2014. Epidemiology of malaria in a village in the Rufiji River delta, Tanzania: declining transmission over 25 years revealed by different parasitological metrics. Malar J 13: 459.
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Mwingira F, Genton B, Kabanywanyi AN, Felger I, 2014. Comparison of detection methods to estimate asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence and gametocyte carriage in a community survey in Tanzania. Malar J 13: 433.
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Shokoples SE, Ndao M, Kowalewska-Grochowska K, Yanow SK, 2009. Multiplexed real-time PCR assay for discrimination of Plasmodium species with improved sensitivity for mixed infections. J Clin Microbiol 47: 975–980.
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Cordray MS, Richards-Kortum RR, 2012. Emerging nucleic acid-based tests for point-of-care detection of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 223–230.
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Parr JB et al. 2016. Estimation of Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in lilongwe, Malawi, by microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing, and nucleic acid detection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 373–377.
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Thomson R, Beshir KB, Cunningham J, Baiden F, Bharmal J, Bruxvoort KJ, Maiteki-Sebuguzi C, Owusu-Agyei S, Staedke SG, Hopkins H, 2019. pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions that affect malaria rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum: analysis of archived blood samples from three African countries. J Infect Dis. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz335.
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Koita OA et al. 2012. False-negative rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and deletion of the histidine-rich repeat region of the hrp2 gene. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 194–198.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1384 | 1189 | 65 |
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| PDF Downloads | 336 | 13 | 0 |
Diagnostic Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test and Microscopy Compared with PCR for Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infections among Primary Schoolchildren in Kibiti District, Eastern Tanzania: An Area with Moderate Malaria Transmission
Billy Ngasala
Billy Ngasala
Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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Doreen D. Mutemi
Doreen D. Mutemi
Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Richard O. Mwaiswelo
Richard O. Mwaiswelo
Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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A substantial decline of malaria transmission intensity has been observed in sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades and may affect the diagnostic performance of malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) and microscopy. Diagnostic performance of histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II)/pan-lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)–based mRDT and microscopy was evaluated against polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection among 316 primary schoolchildren in Kibiti district, in 2016. Polymerase chain reaction detected more cases of P. falciparum infection than mRDT or microscopy. Using PCR as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of mRDT were 75.9% (95% CI = 62.8–86.1) and 96.9% (95% CI = 94.0–98.7), respectively, whereas that of microscopy were 63.8% (95% CI = 50.1–76.0) and 95.7% (95% CI = 92.5–97.9), respectively. Polymerase chain reaction and other molecular methods should be considered for use in schools and other epidemiological surveys as supplement to mRDT or microscopy.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by SIDA, through the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences and Karolinska Institute bilateral malaria project 2015/20.
Authors’ addresses: Billy Ngasala and Doreen D. Mutemi, Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mails: bngasala70@yahoo.co.uk and dodayvid4@hotmail.com. Richard O. Mwaiswelo, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: richiemwai@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2018. World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Farnert A et al. 2014. Epidemiology of malaria in a village in the Rufiji River delta, Tanzania: declining transmission over 25 years revealed by different parasitological metrics. Malar J 13: 459.
-
3.
Nkumama IN, O’Meara WP, Osier FHA, 2017. Changes in malaria epidemiology in Africa and new challenges for elimination. Trends Parasitol 33: 128–140.
-
4.
Bhatt S et al. 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526: 207–211.
-
5.
Carneiro I, Roca-Feltrer A, Griffin JT, Smith L, Tanner M, Schellenberg JA, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D, 2010. Age-patterns of malaria vary with severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and pooled analysis. PLoS One 5: e8988.
-
6.
Nankabirwa J, Brooker SJ, Clarke SE, Fernando D, Gitonga CW, Schellenberg D, Greenwood B, 2014. Malaria in school-age children in Africa: an increasingly important challenge. Trop Med Int Health 19: 1294–1309.
-
7.
Pemberton-Ross P, Smith TA, Hodel EM, Kay K, Penny MA, 2015. Age-shifting in malaria incidence as a result of induced immunological deficit: a simulation study. Malar J 14: 287.
-
8.
Stevenson JC et al. 2013. Reliability of school surveys in estimating geographic variation in malaria transmission in the western Kenyan highlands. PLoS One 8: e77641.
-
9.
Chacky F et al. 2018. Nationwide school malaria parasitaemia survey in public primary schools, the United Republic of Tanzania. Malar J 17: 452.
-
10.
Wu L, van den Hoogen LL, Slater H, Walker PG, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, Okell LC, 2015. Comparison of diagnostics for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections to inform control and elimination strategies. Nature 528: S86–S93.
-
11.
Mwingira F, Genton B, Kabanywanyi AN, Felger I, 2014. Comparison of detection methods to estimate asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence and gametocyte carriage in a community survey in Tanzania. Malar J 13: 433.
-
12.
Shokoples SE, Ndao M, Kowalewska-Grochowska K, Yanow SK, 2009. Multiplexed real-time PCR assay for discrimination of Plasmodium species with improved sensitivity for mixed infections. J Clin Microbiol 47: 975–980.
-
13.
Shakely D et al. 2013. The usefulness of rapid diagnostic tests in the new context of low malaria transmission in Zanzibar. PLoS One 8: e72912.
-
14.
Ochola LB, Vounatsou P, Smith T, Mabaso ML, Newton CR, 2006. The reliability of diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis and management of malaria in the absence of a gold standard. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 582–588.
-
15.
Cordray MS, Richards-Kortum RR, 2012. Emerging nucleic acid-based tests for point-of-care detection of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 223–230.
-
16.
Mahende C, Ngasala B, Lusingu J, Yong TS, Lushino P, Lemnge M, Mmbando B, Premji Z, 2016. Performance of rapid diagnostic test, blood-film microscopy and PCR for the diagnosis of malaria infection among febrile children from Korogwe district, Tanzania. Malar J 15: 391.
-
17.
Parr JB et al. 2016. Estimation of Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in lilongwe, Malawi, by microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing, and nucleic acid detection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 373–377.
-
18.
Beshir KB, Sepulveda N, Bharmal J, Robinson A, Mwanguzi J, Busula AO, de Boer JG, Sutherland C, Cunningham J, Hopkins H, 2017. Plasmodium falciparum parasites with histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) and pfhrp3 gene deletions in two endemic regions of Kenya. Sci Rep 7: 14718.
-
19.
Thomson R, Beshir KB, Cunningham J, Baiden F, Bharmal J, Bruxvoort KJ, Maiteki-Sebuguzi C, Owusu-Agyei S, Staedke SG, Hopkins H, 2019. pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions that affect malaria rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum: analysis of archived blood samples from three African countries. J Infect Dis. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz335.
-
20.
Koita OA et al. 2012. False-negative rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and deletion of the histidine-rich repeat region of the hrp2 gene. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 194–198.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1384 | 1189 | 65 |
| Full Text Views | 920 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 336 | 13 | 0 |