Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Adams MJ et al. 2017. Changes to taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017). Arch Virol 162: 2505–2538.
-
2.
Collett MS, 1986. Messenger RNA of the M segment RNA of Rift Valley fever virus. Virology 151: 151–156.
-
3.
Collett MS, Purchio AF, Keegan K, Frazier S, Hays W, Anderson DK, Parker MD, Schmaljohn C, Schmidt J, Dalrymple JM, 1985. Complete nucleotide sequence of the M RNA segment of Rift Valley fever virus. Virology 144: 228–245.
-
4.
Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL, 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. Epidemiol Infect 95: 197–209.
-
5.
Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM, Al Mujalli D, Al Khamees M, Swanepoel R, 2002. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol 16: 245–252.
-
6.
Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A, Paweska J, 2010. Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Vet Res 41: 61.
-
7.
Sang R et al. 2010 Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in east and southern Africa 2006–2008 and possible vector control strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 43–51.
-
8.
Abdo-Salem S, Gerbier G, Bonnet P, Al-Qadasi M, Tran A, Thiry E, Al-Eryni G, Roger F, 2006. Descriptive and spatial epidemiology of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Yemen 2000–2001. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1081: 240–242.
-
9.
Al-Afaleq AI, Hussein MF, 2011. The status of Rift Valley fever in animals in Saudi Arabia: a mini review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1513–1520.
-
10.
Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, 2003. Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 153–157.
-
11.
Shoemaker T et al. 2002. Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000–01. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1415–1420.
-
12.
Sissoko D, Giry C, Gabrie P, Tarantola A, Pettinelli F, Collet L, D’Ortenzio E, Renault P, Pierre V, 2009. Rift Valley fever, Mayotte, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 568–570.
-
13.
Bird BH, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST, MacLachlan NJ, 2009. Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234: 883–893.
-
14.
Coetzer JA, 1982. The pathology of Rift Valley fever. II. Lesions occurring in field cases in adult cattle, calves and aborted foetuses. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 49: 11–17.
-
15.
Coetzer JA, 1977. The pathology of Rift Valley fever. I. Lesions occurring in natural cases in new-born lambs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 44: 205–211.
-
16.
Munyua P et al. 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 58–64.
-
17.
Swanepoel R, 1976. Studies on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever. J S Afr Vet Assoc 47: 93–94.
-
18.
Turell MJ, Rossi CA, 1991. Potential for mosquito transmission of attenuated strains of Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 278–282.
-
19.
Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC, 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from east Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579.
-
20.
Sindato C, Karimuribo E, Mboera LE, 2011. The epidemiology and socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever in Tanzania: a review. Tanzan J Health Res 13: 305–318.
-
21.
Sindato C, Karimuribo ED, Pfeiffer DU, Mboera LE, Kivaria F, Dautu G, Bernard B, Paweska JT, 2014. Spatial and temporal pattern of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Tanzania; 1930 to 2007. PLoS One 9: e88897.
-
22.
Mlozi MRS, Mtambo MMA, 2008. Socio-Economic Impact Analysis of the Recent Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Tanzania. FAO Consultancy Report.
-
23.
Anyamba A et al. 2010. Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in east and southern Africa 2006–2008 and possible vector control strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 43–51.
-
24.
Sumaye RD, Geubbels E, Mbeyela E, Berkvens D, 2013. Inter-epidemic transmission of Rift Valley fever in livestock in the Kilombero river valley, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2356.
-
25.
McIntosh BM, 1972. Rift Valley fever: 1. Vector studies in the field. J S Afr Vet Assoc 43: 391–395.
-
26.
Kifaro EG, Nkangaga J, Joshua G, Sallu R, Yongolo M, Dautu G, Kasanga CJ, 2014. Epidemiological study of Rift Valley Fever virus in Kigoma, Tanzania. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 81: E1–E5.
-
27.
Sindato C, Pfeiffer DU, Karimuribo ED, Mboera LE, Rweyemamu MM, Paweska JT, 2015. A spatial analysis of Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity in domestic ruminants in Tanzania. PLoS One 10: e0131873.
-
28.
Sumaye RD, Abatih EN, Thiry E, Amuri M, Berkvens D, Geubbels E, 2015. Inter-epidemic acquisition of Rift Valley fever virus in humans in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003536.
-
29.
Swai ES, Schoonman L, 2009. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever immunoglobulin G antibody in various occupational groups before the 2007 outbreak in Tanzania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 579–582.
-
30.
Heinrich N et al. 2012. High seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever and evidence for endemic circulation in Mbeya region, Tanzania, in a cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1557.
-
31.
Caplen H, Peters CJ, Bishop DH, 1985. Mutagen-directed attenuation of Rift Valley fever virus as a method for vaccine development. J Gen Virol 66: 2271–2277.
-
32.
Ibrahim MS, Turell MJ, Knauert FK, Lofts RS, 1997. Detection of Rift Valley fever virus in mosquitoes by RT-PCR. Mol Cell Probes 11: 49–53.
-
33.
Meegan JM, Yedloutschnig RJ, Peleg BA, Shy J, Peters CJ, Walker JS, Shope RE, 1987. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus in ovine and bovine sera. Am J Vet Res 48: 1138–1141.
-
34.
Niklasson BS, Meadors GF, Peters CJ, 1984. Active and passive immunization against Rift Valley fever virus infection in Syrian hamsters. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand C 92: 197–200.
-
35.
Paweska JT, Mortimer E, Leman PA, Swanepoel R, 2005. An inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans, domestic and wild ruminants. J Virol Methods 127: 10–18.
-
36.
Swanepoel R, Struthers JK, Erasmus MJ, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Erasmus BJ, Barnard BJH, 1986. Comparison of techniques for demonstrating antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus. Epidemiol Infect 97: 317–329.
-
37.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
38.
Nguku PM et al. 2010. An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya: 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 5–13.
-
39.
Ringot D, Durand J-P, Tolou H, Boutin J-P, Davoust B, 2004. Rift Valley fever in Chad. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 945–947.
-
40.
Elfadil AA, Hasab-Allah KA, Dafa-Allah OM, Elmanea AA, 2006. The persistence of Rift Valley fever in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Rev Sci Tech 25: 1131–1136.
-
41.
Thiongane Y, Gonzalez J-P, Fati A, Akakpo JA, 1991. Changes in Rift Valley fever neutralizing antibody prevalence among small domestic ruminants following the 1987 outbreak in the Senegal River basin. Res Virol 142: 67–70.
-
42.
Fafetine J, Neves L, Thompson PN, Paweska JT, Rutten VP, Coetzer JA, 2013. Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus circulation in sheep and goats in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2065.
-
43.
Jeanmaire EM et al. 2011. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever infection in ruminants in Madagascar after the 2008 outbreak. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 395–402.
-
44.
Paweska JT, van Vuren PJ, Kemp A, Buss P, Bengis RG, Gakuya F, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, Swanepoel R, 2008. Recombinant nucleocapsid-based ELISA for detection of IgG antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in African buffalo. Vet Microbiol 127: 21–28.
-
45.
Paweska JT, Smith SJ, Wright IM, Williams R, Cohen AS, Van Dijk AA, Grobbelaar AA, Croft JE, Swanepoel R, Gerdes GH, 2003. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody against Rift Valley fever virus in domestic and wild ruminant sera. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70: 49–64.
-
46.
Matiko MK, Salekwa LP, Kasanga CJ, Kimera SI, Evander M, Nyangi WP, 2018. Serological evidence of inter-epizootic/inter-epidemic circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in domestic cattle in Kyela and Morogoro, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006931.
-
47.
Montgomery E, 1917. On a tick-borne gastroenteritis of sheep and goats occurring in British east Africa. J Comp Pathol Ther 30: 28–57.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 40 | 40 | 4 |
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Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibody in Cattle during Inter-Epizootic/Epidemic Periods in Selected Regions of Tanzania
Linda Peniel Salekwa
Linda Peniel Salekwa
Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania;
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Philemon Nyangi Wambura
Philemon Nyangi Wambura
Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania;
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Mirende Kichuki Matiko
Mirende Kichuki Matiko
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania;
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Douglas M. Watts
Douglas M. Watts
University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
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Tanzania is one of the sub-Saharan countries that have experienced a number of Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks at intervals of 10–20 years since the first isolation of the virus during the early 1930s. Recent studies have reported serological evidence of inter epizootic/epidemic period circulation of RVF virus (RVFV) in livestock and humans. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey in Tanzania during 2015/16 to further explore the possibility that RVFV was circulating among cattle during the Inter epizootic/epidemic period. A total of 443 cattle samples were collected in Manyara, Dodoma, Singida, and Mbeya regions of Tanzania. The samples were tested for RVFV antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit and a plaque reduction neutralization test. Serum samples were also tested for RVFV viral RNA by an reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. An overall RVFV seroprevalence rate of 7.7% (34/443) was detected by ELISA among cattle in all four regions. The Mbeya region cattle had the highest seroprevalence of 26.4% (23/87), followed by Dodoma 5.9% (10/171) and lastly Singida 0.9% (1/101). Of 33 ELISA antibody-positive samples, only 0.2% (1/443) had IgM antibody. Of 36 ELISA antibody-positive and doubtful samples, 32 were positive for neutralizing antibody with titers between 10 and > 10,240. None of the samples were positive for RVFV viral RNA by RT-PCR. The detection of RVFV antibodies in cattle suggested that these animals were involved in an enzootic cycle during the interepidemic period and that the high antibody titers may confer protection of cattle against RVFV.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded under a subcontract from the University of Texas at El Paso under a Cooperative Agreement (AID-OAA-A-13-00084) from the United States Agency for International Development.
Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
Authors’ addresses: Linda Peniel Salekwa and Philemon Nyangi Wambura, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, E-mails: lisasalekwa2015@gmail.com and pwambura@sua.ac.tz. Mirende Kichuki Matiko, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, E-mail: mirende@sua.ac.tz. Douglas M. Watts, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, E-mail: dwatts2@utep.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Adams MJ et al. 2017. Changes to taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017). Arch Virol 162: 2505–2538.
-
2.
Collett MS, 1986. Messenger RNA of the M segment RNA of Rift Valley fever virus. Virology 151: 151–156.
-
3.
Collett MS, Purchio AF, Keegan K, Frazier S, Hays W, Anderson DK, Parker MD, Schmaljohn C, Schmidt J, Dalrymple JM, 1985. Complete nucleotide sequence of the M RNA segment of Rift Valley fever virus. Virology 144: 228–245.
-
4.
Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL, 1985. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. Epidemiol Infect 95: 197–209.
-
5.
Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM, Al Mujalli D, Al Khamees M, Swanepoel R, 2002. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol 16: 245–252.
-
6.
Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A, Paweska J, 2010. Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Vet Res 41: 61.
-
7.
Sang R et al. 2010 Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in east and southern Africa 2006–2008 and possible vector control strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 43–51.
-
8.
Abdo-Salem S, Gerbier G, Bonnet P, Al-Qadasi M, Tran A, Thiry E, Al-Eryni G, Roger F, 2006. Descriptive and spatial epidemiology of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Yemen 2000–2001. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1081: 240–242.
-
9.
Al-Afaleq AI, Hussein MF, 2011. The status of Rift Valley fever in animals in Saudi Arabia: a mini review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1513–1520.
-
10.
Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, 2003. Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 153–157.
-
11.
Shoemaker T et al. 2002. Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000–01. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1415–1420.
-
12.
Sissoko D, Giry C, Gabrie P, Tarantola A, Pettinelli F, Collet L, D’Ortenzio E, Renault P, Pierre V, 2009. Rift Valley fever, Mayotte, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 568–570.
-
13.
Bird BH, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST, MacLachlan NJ, 2009. Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234: 883–893.
-
14.
Coetzer JA, 1982. The pathology of Rift Valley fever. II. Lesions occurring in field cases in adult cattle, calves and aborted foetuses. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 49: 11–17.
-
15.
Coetzer JA, 1977. The pathology of Rift Valley fever. I. Lesions occurring in natural cases in new-born lambs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 44: 205–211.
-
16.
Munyua P et al. 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 58–64.
-
17.
Swanepoel R, 1976. Studies on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever. J S Afr Vet Assoc 47: 93–94.
-
18.
Turell MJ, Rossi CA, 1991. Potential for mosquito transmission of attenuated strains of Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 278–282.
-
19.
Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC, 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from east Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579.
-
20.
Sindato C, Karimuribo E, Mboera LE, 2011. The epidemiology and socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever in Tanzania: a review. Tanzan J Health Res 13: 305–318.
-
21.
Sindato C, Karimuribo ED, Pfeiffer DU, Mboera LE, Kivaria F, Dautu G, Bernard B, Paweska JT, 2014. Spatial and temporal pattern of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Tanzania; 1930 to 2007. PLoS One 9: e88897.
-
22.
Mlozi MRS, Mtambo MMA, 2008. Socio-Economic Impact Analysis of the Recent Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Tanzania. FAO Consultancy Report.
-
23.
Anyamba A et al. 2010. Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in east and southern Africa 2006–2008 and possible vector control strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 43–51.
-
24.
Sumaye RD, Geubbels E, Mbeyela E, Berkvens D, 2013. Inter-epidemic transmission of Rift Valley fever in livestock in the Kilombero river valley, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2356.
-
25.
McIntosh BM, 1972. Rift Valley fever: 1. Vector studies in the field. J S Afr Vet Assoc 43: 391–395.
-
26.
Kifaro EG, Nkangaga J, Joshua G, Sallu R, Yongolo M, Dautu G, Kasanga CJ, 2014. Epidemiological study of Rift Valley Fever virus in Kigoma, Tanzania. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 81: E1–E5.
-
27.
Sindato C, Pfeiffer DU, Karimuribo ED, Mboera LE, Rweyemamu MM, Paweska JT, 2015. A spatial analysis of Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity in domestic ruminants in Tanzania. PLoS One 10: e0131873.
-
28.
Sumaye RD, Abatih EN, Thiry E, Amuri M, Berkvens D, Geubbels E, 2015. Inter-epidemic acquisition of Rift Valley fever virus in humans in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003536.
-
29.
Swai ES, Schoonman L, 2009. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever immunoglobulin G antibody in various occupational groups before the 2007 outbreak in Tanzania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 579–582.
-
30.
Heinrich N et al. 2012. High seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever and evidence for endemic circulation in Mbeya region, Tanzania, in a cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1557.
-
31.
Caplen H, Peters CJ, Bishop DH, 1985. Mutagen-directed attenuation of Rift Valley fever virus as a method for vaccine development. J Gen Virol 66: 2271–2277.
-
32.
Ibrahim MS, Turell MJ, Knauert FK, Lofts RS, 1997. Detection of Rift Valley fever virus in mosquitoes by RT-PCR. Mol Cell Probes 11: 49–53.
-
33.
Meegan JM, Yedloutschnig RJ, Peleg BA, Shy J, Peters CJ, Walker JS, Shope RE, 1987. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus in ovine and bovine sera. Am J Vet Res 48: 1138–1141.
-
34.
Niklasson BS, Meadors GF, Peters CJ, 1984. Active and passive immunization against Rift Valley fever virus infection in Syrian hamsters. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand C 92: 197–200.
-
35.
Paweska JT, Mortimer E, Leman PA, Swanepoel R, 2005. An inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans, domestic and wild ruminants. J Virol Methods 127: 10–18.
-
36.
Swanepoel R, Struthers JK, Erasmus MJ, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Erasmus BJ, Barnard BJH, 1986. Comparison of techniques for demonstrating antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus. Epidemiol Infect 97: 317–329.
-
37.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
38.
Nguku PM et al. 2010. An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya: 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 5–13.
-
39.
Ringot D, Durand J-P, Tolou H, Boutin J-P, Davoust B, 2004. Rift Valley fever in Chad. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 945–947.
-
40.
Elfadil AA, Hasab-Allah KA, Dafa-Allah OM, Elmanea AA, 2006. The persistence of Rift Valley fever in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Rev Sci Tech 25: 1131–1136.
-
41.
Thiongane Y, Gonzalez J-P, Fati A, Akakpo JA, 1991. Changes in Rift Valley fever neutralizing antibody prevalence among small domestic ruminants following the 1987 outbreak in the Senegal River basin. Res Virol 142: 67–70.
-
42.
Fafetine J, Neves L, Thompson PN, Paweska JT, Rutten VP, Coetzer JA, 2013. Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus circulation in sheep and goats in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2065.
-
43.
Jeanmaire EM et al. 2011. Prevalence of Rift Valley fever infection in ruminants in Madagascar after the 2008 outbreak. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 395–402.
-
44.
Paweska JT, van Vuren PJ, Kemp A, Buss P, Bengis RG, Gakuya F, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, Swanepoel R, 2008. Recombinant nucleocapsid-based ELISA for detection of IgG antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in African buffalo. Vet Microbiol 127: 21–28.
-
45.
Paweska JT, Smith SJ, Wright IM, Williams R, Cohen AS, Van Dijk AA, Grobbelaar AA, Croft JE, Swanepoel R, Gerdes GH, 2003. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody against Rift Valley fever virus in domestic and wild ruminant sera. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70: 49–64.
-
46.
Matiko MK, Salekwa LP, Kasanga CJ, Kimera SI, Evander M, Nyangi WP, 2018. Serological evidence of inter-epizootic/inter-epidemic circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in domestic cattle in Kyela and Morogoro, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006931.
-
47.
Montgomery E, 1917. On a tick-borne gastroenteritis of sheep and goats occurring in British east Africa. J Comp Pathol Ther 30: 28–57.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 40 | 40 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 762 | 199 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 250 | 89 | 3 |