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-
1.
Schar F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, Vounatsou P, Odermatt P, 2013. Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2288.
-
2.
Buonfrate D, Mena MA, Angheben A, Requena-Mendez A, Munoz J, Gobbi F, Albonico M, Gotuzzo E, Bisoffi Z, COHEMI Project Study Group, 2015. Prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Latin America: a systematic review of the literature. Epidemiol Infect 143: 452–460.
-
3.
Beknazarova M, Whiley H, Ross K, 2016. Strongyloidiasis: a disease of socioeconomic disadvantage. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: E517.
-
4.
Atkins NS, Conway DJ, Lindo JF, Bailey JW, Bundy DA, 1999. L3 antigen-specific antibody isotype responses in human strongyloidiasis: correlations with larval output. Parasite Immunol 21: 517–526.
-
5.
Prendki V, Fenaux P, Durand R, Thellier M, Bouchaud O, 2011. Strongyloidiasis in man 75 years after initial exposure. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 931–932.
-
6.
Hasegawa H, Hayashida S, Ikeda Y, Sato H, 2009. Hyper-variable regions in 18S rDNA of Strongyloides spp. as markers for species-specific diagnosis. Parasitol Res 104: 869–874.
-
7.
Moghaddassani H, Mirhendi H, Hosseini M, Rokni M, Mowlavi G, Kia E, 2011. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection by PCR detection of specific DNA in human stool samples. Iran J Parasitol 6: 23–30.
-
8.
Verweij JJ, Canales M, Polman K, Ziem J, Brienen EA, Polderman AM, van Lieshout L, 2009. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in faecal samples using real-time PCR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 342–346.
-
9.
ten Hove RJ, van Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, van den Ende J, van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2009. Molecular diagnostics of intestinal parasites in returning travellers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28: 1045–1053.
-
10.
Saugar JM, Merino FJ, Martin-Rabadan P, Fernandez-Soto P, Ortega S, Garate T, Rodriguez E, 2015. Application of real-time PCR for the detection of Strongyloides spp. in clinical samples in a reference center in Spain. Acta Trop 142: 20–25.
-
11.
Requena-Mendez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Gotuzzo E, Munoz J, 2013. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2002.
-
12.
Krolewiecki AJ et al. 2010. Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis using recombinant antigen-based serologies in a community-wide study in northern Argentina. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 1624–1630.
-
13.
Bisoffi Z et al. 2014. Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2640.
-
14.
Ramanathan R, Burbelo PD, Groot S, Iadarola MJ, Neva FA, Nutman TB, 2008. A luciferase immunoprecipitation systems assay enhances the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect Dis 198: 444–451.
-
15.
Ravi V, Ramachandran S, Thompson RW, Andersen JF, Neva FA, 2002. Characterization of a recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen (NIE) from Strongyloides stercoralis L3-stage larvae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125: 73–81.
-
16.
Arifin N, Yunus MH, Nolan TJ, Lok JB, Noordin R, 2018. Identification and preliminary evaluation of a novel recombinant protein for serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1165–1170.
-
17.
Rascoe LN, Price C, Shin SH, McAuliffe I, Priest JW, Handali S, 2015. Development of Ss-NIE-1 recombinant antigen based assays for immunodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003694.
-
18.
Pak BJ et al. 2014. Development of a rapid serological assay for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using a novel diffraction-based biosensor technology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3002.
-
19.
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW, 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9: 671–675.
-
20.
Arifin N, Hanafiah KM, Ahmad H, Noordin R, 2018. Serodiagnosis and early detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect pii: S1684–1182(18)30426–2. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2018.10.001.
-
21.
Atkins NS, Lindo JF, Lee MG, Conway DJ, Bailey JW, Robinson RD, Bundy DA, 1997. Humoral responses in human strongyloidiasis: correlations with infection chronicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 609–613.
-
22.
Subathra M, Senthilkumar TMA, Ramadass P, Ramaswamy V, 2011. Evaluation of the cocktail recombinant antigens, LipL32 and LipL41 for serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27: 1077–1082.
-
23.
Yunus MH, Tan Farrizam SN, Abdul Karim IZ, Noordin R, 2018. A lateral flow rapid test for human toxocariasis developed using three Toxocara canis recombinant antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 32–38.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1491 | 1161 | 134 |
| Full Text Views | 1498 | 17 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 765 | 15 | 0 |
Lateral Flow Dipstick Test for Serodiagnosis of Strongyloidiasis
Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Norsyahida Arifin
Norsyahida Arifin
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Dinesh Balachandra
Dinesh Balachandra
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Nor Suhada Anuar
Nor Suhada Anuar
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Rahmah Noordin
Rahmah Noordin
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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The conventional method of detecting Strongyloides stercoralis in fecal samples has poor diagnostic sensitivity. Detection of Strongyloides-specific antibodies increases the sensitivity; however, most tests are ELISAs that use parasite extract which may cross-react with the sera of other helminth infections. To improve the serological diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, this study aimed at developing a sensitive and specific lateral flow rapid dipstick test. Two recombinant proteins, recombinant NIE (rNIE) and recombinant Ss1a (rSs1a), were used in preparing the dipstick, with gold-conjugated antihuman IgG4 as detector reagent. In parallel, the corresponding ELISA was performed. Both assays demonstrated diagnostic sensitivity of 91.3% (21/23) when tested with serum samples of patients with Strongyloides infection, and 100% specificity with 82 sera of asymptomatic (healthy) and those with other parasitic infections. The ELISA and dipstick test results were positively correlated to each other (r = 0.6114, P = 0.0019). The developed lateral flow dipstick test may improve the serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis and merit further validation studies.
Author Notes
Disclosure: R. N. and N. A. are named as inventors in a patent application titled “Strongyloides stercoralis protein and/or corresponding DNA and RNA sequences for application in diagnosis” filed in Malaysia (PI 2015002836) and the United States, No. 15/778430.
Financial support: This study was funded by Universiti Sains Malaysia Bridging Grant [304/CIPPM/6316064] and Ministry of Education through the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program [Grant no. 311/CIPPM/4401005].
Authors’ addresses: Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus, Norsyahida Arifin, Dinesh Balachandra, Nor Suhada Anuar, and Rahmah Noordin, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, E-mails: mhn1016@yahoo.com, syahidaarifin@gmail.com, dineshpenangfree@gmail.com, norsuhada@usm.my, and rahmah8485@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Schar F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, Vounatsou P, Odermatt P, 2013. Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2288.
-
2.
Buonfrate D, Mena MA, Angheben A, Requena-Mendez A, Munoz J, Gobbi F, Albonico M, Gotuzzo E, Bisoffi Z, COHEMI Project Study Group, 2015. Prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Latin America: a systematic review of the literature. Epidemiol Infect 143: 452–460.
-
3.
Beknazarova M, Whiley H, Ross K, 2016. Strongyloidiasis: a disease of socioeconomic disadvantage. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: E517.
-
4.
Atkins NS, Conway DJ, Lindo JF, Bailey JW, Bundy DA, 1999. L3 antigen-specific antibody isotype responses in human strongyloidiasis: correlations with larval output. Parasite Immunol 21: 517–526.
-
5.
Prendki V, Fenaux P, Durand R, Thellier M, Bouchaud O, 2011. Strongyloidiasis in man 75 years after initial exposure. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 931–932.
-
6.
Hasegawa H, Hayashida S, Ikeda Y, Sato H, 2009. Hyper-variable regions in 18S rDNA of Strongyloides spp. as markers for species-specific diagnosis. Parasitol Res 104: 869–874.
-
7.
Moghaddassani H, Mirhendi H, Hosseini M, Rokni M, Mowlavi G, Kia E, 2011. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection by PCR detection of specific DNA in human stool samples. Iran J Parasitol 6: 23–30.
-
8.
Verweij JJ, Canales M, Polman K, Ziem J, Brienen EA, Polderman AM, van Lieshout L, 2009. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in faecal samples using real-time PCR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 342–346.
-
9.
ten Hove RJ, van Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, van den Ende J, van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2009. Molecular diagnostics of intestinal parasites in returning travellers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28: 1045–1053.
-
10.
Saugar JM, Merino FJ, Martin-Rabadan P, Fernandez-Soto P, Ortega S, Garate T, Rodriguez E, 2015. Application of real-time PCR for the detection of Strongyloides spp. in clinical samples in a reference center in Spain. Acta Trop 142: 20–25.
-
11.
Requena-Mendez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Gotuzzo E, Munoz J, 2013. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2002.
-
12.
Krolewiecki AJ et al. 2010. Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis using recombinant antigen-based serologies in a community-wide study in northern Argentina. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 1624–1630.
-
13.
Bisoffi Z et al. 2014. Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2640.
-
14.
Ramanathan R, Burbelo PD, Groot S, Iadarola MJ, Neva FA, Nutman TB, 2008. A luciferase immunoprecipitation systems assay enhances the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect Dis 198: 444–451.
-
15.
Ravi V, Ramachandran S, Thompson RW, Andersen JF, Neva FA, 2002. Characterization of a recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen (NIE) from Strongyloides stercoralis L3-stage larvae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 125: 73–81.
-
16.
Arifin N, Yunus MH, Nolan TJ, Lok JB, Noordin R, 2018. Identification and preliminary evaluation of a novel recombinant protein for serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1165–1170.
-
17.
Rascoe LN, Price C, Shin SH, McAuliffe I, Priest JW, Handali S, 2015. Development of Ss-NIE-1 recombinant antigen based assays for immunodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003694.
-
18.
Pak BJ et al. 2014. Development of a rapid serological assay for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using a novel diffraction-based biosensor technology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3002.
-
19.
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW, 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9: 671–675.
-
20.
Arifin N, Hanafiah KM, Ahmad H, Noordin R, 2018. Serodiagnosis and early detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect pii: S1684–1182(18)30426–2. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2018.10.001.
-
21.
Atkins NS, Lindo JF, Lee MG, Conway DJ, Bailey JW, Robinson RD, Bundy DA, 1997. Humoral responses in human strongyloidiasis: correlations with infection chronicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 609–613.
-
22.
Subathra M, Senthilkumar TMA, Ramadass P, Ramaswamy V, 2011. Evaluation of the cocktail recombinant antigens, LipL32 and LipL41 for serodiagnosis of canine leptospirosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27: 1077–1082.
-
23.
Yunus MH, Tan Farrizam SN, Abdul Karim IZ, Noordin R, 2018. A lateral flow rapid test for human toxocariasis developed using three Toxocara canis recombinant antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 32–38.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1491 | 1161 | 134 |
| Full Text Views | 1498 | 17 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 765 | 15 | 0 |