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Diagnostic Usefulness of Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Suspected Tuberculous Meningitis
Ji-Soo Kwon
Ji-Soo Kwon
Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;
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Joung Ha Park
Joung Ha Park
Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;
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Ji Yeun Kim
Ji Yeun Kim
Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;
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Hye Hee Cha
Hye Hee Cha
Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;
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Min-Jae Kim
Min-Jae Kim
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Yong Pil Chong
Yong Pil Chong
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Sang-Oh Lee
Sang-Oh Lee
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Sang-Ho Choi
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Yang Soo Kim
Yang Soo Kim
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Jun Hee Woo
Jun Hee Woo
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Yong Seo Koo
Yong Seo Koo
Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Sang-Beom Jeon
Sang-Beom Jeon
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Sang-Ahm Lee
Sang-Ahm Lee
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Sung-Han Kim
Sung-Han Kim
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In this study, we investigated the diagnostic utility of the cytokine profile of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays of patients with suspected tuberculous meningitis (TBM). We prospectively enrolled adult patients with suspected TBM, and CSF specimens were analyzed for 18 cytokines/chemokines and soluble programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Enzyme-linked immunospot assays were performed on mononuclear cells from the CSF (CSF-MCs) and peripheral blood (PBMCs). A total of 87 patients with meningitis, including 42 TBM-suspected patients and 45 non-TBM patients, were enrolled. Excluding the 32 patients with possible TBM, 10 patients with TBM and 45 patients with non-TBM were finally analyzed. Levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), interleukin 12 subunit β (IL-12p40), IL-13, macrophage inflammatory protein α (MIP-1α), and soluble PD-1 and PD-L1 in the CSF were significantly higher in the TBM group than in the non-TBM group (P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff values for the sensitivities and specificities of the test methods for diagnosing TBM with small samples of 10 cases of definite or probable TBM were as follows: ADA > 6.95 U/L, 70% and 81%; IL-12p40 > 52.04 pg/mL, 80% and 73%; IL-13 > 0.44 pg/mL, 90% and 47%; MIP-1α > 8.83 pg/mL, 80% and 62%; soluble PD-1 > 35.87 pg/mL, 80% and 63%; soluble PD-L1 > 24.19 pg/mL, 80% and 61%; CSF-MC ELISPOT > 13.5 spots/250,000 CSF-MC, 30% and 91%; and PBMC ELISPOT > 14 spots/250,000 PBMCs, 50% and 78%, respectively. Therefore, CSF IL-12p40, IL-13, MIP-1α, and soluble PD-1 and PD-L1 concentrations appear to be useful adjuncts for diagnosing TBM.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (grant NRF-2018R1D1A1A09082099) and the Asan Institute for Life Sciences (2018-7040).
Authors’ addresses: Ji-Soo Kwon, Joung Ha Park, Ji Yeun Kim, Hye Hee Cha, Min-Jae Kim, Yong Pil Chong, Sang-Oh Lee, Sang-Ho Choi, Yang Soo Kim, Jun Hee Woo, and Sung-Han Kim, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, E-mails: kwonjs92@kaist.ac.kr, pjha89@hanmail.net, aeki22@snu.ac.kr, heyhe0102@naver.com, nahani99@gmail.com, drchong@amc.seoul.kr, soleemd@amc.seoul.kr, sangho@amc.seoul.kr, yskim@amc.seoul.kr, thanks1126@hanmail.net, and kimsunghanmd@hotmail.com. Yong-Seo Koo, Sang-Beom Jeon, and Sang-Ahm Lee, Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, E-mails: yo904@naver.com,sbjeonmd@gmail.com, and salee@amc.seoul.kr.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2017. Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Rock RB, Olin M, Baker CA, Molitor TW, Peterson PK, 2008. Central nervous system tuberculosis: pathogenesis and clinical aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 243–261.
-
3.
Thwaites GE, van Toorn R, Schoeman J, 2013. Tuberculous meningitis: more questions, still too few answers. Lancet Neurol 12: 999–1010.
-
4.
Torok ME, 2015. Tuberculous meningitis: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Br Med Bull 113: 117–131.
-
5.
Ling DI, Flores LL, Riley LW, Pai M, 2008. Commercial nucleic-acid amplification tests for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in respiratory specimens: meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS One 2: e1536.
-
6.
Solomons RS, van Elsland SL, Visser DH, Hoek KG, Marais BJ, Schoeman JF, van Furth AM, 2014. Commercial nucleic acid amplification tests in tuberculous meningitis—a meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 78: 398–403.
-
7.
Pai M, Flores LL, Pai N, Hubbard A, Riley LW, Colford JM Jr., 2003. Diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 633–643.
-
8.
Boehme CC et al. 2010. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med 363: 1005–1015.
-
9.
Rufai SB, Singh A, Singh J, Kumar P, Sankar MM, Singh S, TB Research Team, 2017. Diagnostic usefulness of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detection of tuberculous meningitis using cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect 75: 125–131.
-
10.
Nhu NT et al. 2014. Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 52: 226–233.
-
11.
Bahr NC et al. 2018. Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF ultra for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected adults: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 68–75.
-
12.
Kim JY et al. 2018. Combined IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha release assay for differentiating active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection. J Infect 77: 314–320.
-
13.
Porsa E, Cheng L, Graviss EA, 2007. Comparison of an ESAT-6/CFP-10 peptide-based enzyme-linked immunospot assay to a tuberculin skin test for screening of a population at moderate risk of contracting tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 714–719.
-
14.
Meier T, Eulenbruch HP, Wrighton-Smith P, Enders G, Regnath T, 2005. Sensitivity of a new commercial enzyme-linked immunospot assay (T SPOT-TB) for diagnosis of tuberculosis in clinical practice. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24: 529–536.
-
15.
Wen A, Qu XH, Zhang KN, Leng EL, Ren Y, Wu XM, 2018. Evaluation of interferon-gamma release assays in extrasanguinous body fluids for diagnosing tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 197: 140–146.
-
16.
Huy NT, Thao NT, Diep DT, Kikuchi M, Zamora J, Hirayama K, 2010. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 14: R240.
-
17.
Chen Z et al. 2012. The clinical diagnostic significance of cerebrospinal fluid D-lactate for bacterial meningitis. Clin Chim Acta 413: 1512–1515.
-
18.
Sharma S et al. 2017. Cytokines do play a role in pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis: a prospective study from a tertiary care center in India. J Neurol Sci 379: 131–136.
-
19.
Sakushima K, Hayashino Y, Kawaguchi T, Jackson JL, Fukuhara S, 2011. Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis: a meta-analysis. J Infect 62: 255–262.
-
20.
Kataria J, Rukmangadachar LA, Hariprasad G, O J, Tripathi M, Srinivasan A, 2011. Two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis patients. J Proteomics 74: 2194–2203.
-
21.
Ruhwald M, Bodmer T, Maier C, Jepsen M, Haaland MB, Eugen-Olsen J, Ravn P, Tbnet, 2008. Evaluating the potential of IP-10 and MCP-2 as biomarkers for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 32: 1607–1615.
-
22.
Demissie A, VACSEL Study Group et al. 2004. Healthy individuals that control a latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis express high levels of Th1 cytokines and the IL-4 antagonist IL-4delta2. J Immunol 172: 6938–6943.
-
23.
La Manna MP, Orlando V, Li Donni P, Sireci G, Di Carlo P, Cascio A, Dieli F, Caccamo N, 2018. Identification of plasma biomarkers for discrimination between tuberculosis infection/disease and pulmonary non tuberculosis disease. PLoS One 13: e0192664.
-
24.
Liu Y, Li X, Liu W, Liu Y, Zhong Z, Wang L, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N, 2018. IL-6 release of Rv0183 antigen-stimulated whole blood is a potential biomarker for active tuberculosis patients. J Infect 76: 376–382.
-
25.
Sutherland JS, de Jong BC, Jeffries DJ, Adetifa IM, Ota MO, 2010. Production of TNF-alpha, IL-12(p40) and IL-17 can discriminate between active TB disease and latent infection in a west African cohort. PLoS One 5: e12365.
-
26.
Crawford A, Angelosanto JM, Kao C, Doering TA, Odorizzi PM, Barnett BE, Wherry EJ, 2014. Molecular and transcriptional basis of CD4(+) T cell dysfunction during chronic infection. Immunity 40: 289–302.
-
27.
Pauken KE, Wherry EJ, 2015. Overcoming T cell exhaustion in infection and cancer. Trends Immunol 36: 265–276.
-
28.
Barber DL, Wherry EJ, Masopust D, Zhu B, Allison JP, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, 2006. Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. Nature 439: 682–687.
-
29.
Singh A, Mohan A, Dey AB, Mitra DK, 2013. Inhibiting the programmed death 1 pathway rescues Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific interferon gamma-producing T cells from apoptosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 208: 603–615.
-
30.
Yin W, Tong ZH, Cui A, Zhang JC, Ye ZJ, Yuan ML, Zhou Q, Shi HZ, 2014. PD-1/PD-Ls pathways between CD4(+) T cells and pleural mesothelial cells in human tuberculous pleurisy. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 94: 131–139.
-
31.
Jurado JO, Alvarez IB, Pasquinelli V, Martinez GJ, Quiroga MF, Abbate E, Musella RM, Chuluyan HE, Garcia VE, 2008. Programmed death (PD)-1:PD-ligand 1/PD-ligand 2 pathway inhibits T cell effector functions during human tuberculosis. J Immunol 181: 116–125.
-
32.
McNab FW et al. 2011. Programmed death ligand 1 is over-expressed by neutrophils in the blood of patients with active tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 41: 1941–1947.
-
33.
Singh A, Mohan A, Dey AB, Mitra DK, 2017. Programmed death-1(+) T cells inhibit effector T cells at the pathological site of miliary tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 187: 269–283.
-
34.
Patel VB, Singh R, Connolly C, Kasprowicz V, Ndung’u T, Dheda K, 2011. Comparative utility of cytokine levels and quantitative RD-1-specific T cell responses for rapid immunodiagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3971–3976.
-
35.
Visser DH, Solomons RS, Ronacher K, van Well GT, Heymans MW, Walzl G, Chegou NN, Schoeman JF, van Furth AM, 2015. Host immune response to tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 60: 177–187.
-
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