Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
DI H, Liang S, Li Q, Shi L, Shima A, Meng H, Yan H, Yamasaki S, 2018. Providencia in retail meats from Guangzhou, China and Osaka, Japan: prevalence, antimicrobialresistance and characterization of classes 1, 2 and 3 integrons. J Vet Med Sci 80: 829–835.
-
2.
O’Hara CM, Brenner FW, Miller JM, 2000. Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. Clin Microbiol Rev 13: 534–546.
-
3.
Albert MJ, Faruque ASG, Mahalanabis D, 1998. Association of Providencia alcalifaciens with diarrhea in children. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1433–1435.
-
4.
Guth BEC, Perrella E, 1996. Prevalence of invasive ability and other virulence-associated characteristics in Providencia alcalifaciens strains isolated in São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Microbiol 45: 459–462.
-
5.
Haynes J, Hawkey PM, 1989. Providencia alcalifaciens and travellers’ diarrhoea. BMJ 299: 94–95.
-
6.
Yoh M, Matsuyama J, Ohnishi M, Takagi K, Miyagi H, Mori K, Park KS, Ono T, Honda T, 2005. Importance of Providencia species as a major cause of traveler’s diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 54: 1077–1082.
-
7.
Janda JM, Abbott SL, Woodward D, Khashe S, 1998. Invasion of HEp-2 and other eukaryotic cell lines by Providencia: further evidence supporting the role of Providencia alcalifaciens in bacterial gastroenteritis. Curr Microbiol 37: 159–165.
-
8.
Möhr AJ, van der Lugt JJ, Josling D, Picard J, van der Merwe LL, 2002. Primary bacterial enteritis caused by Providencia alcalifaciens in three dogs. Vet Rec 150: 52–53.
-
9.
Wang X, Wang J, Hao H, Qiu L, Liu H, Chen S, Dang R, Yang Z, 2014. Pathogenic Providencia alcalifaciens strain that causes fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in piglets. Curr Microbiol 68: 278–284.
-
10.
Albert MJ, Alam K, Ansaruzzaman M, Islam MM, Rahman AS, Haider K, Bhuiyan NA, Nahar S, Ryan N, Montanaro J, 1992. Pathogenesis of Providencia alcalifaciens-induced diarrhea. Infect Immun 60: 5017–5024.
-
11.
Murata T, Iida T, Shiomi Y, Tagomori K, Akeda Y, Yanagihara I, Mushiake S, Ishiguro F, Honda T, 2001. A large outbreak of foodborne infection attributed to Providencia alcalifaciens. J Infect Dis 184: 1050–1055.
-
12.
Chlibek R, Jirous J, Beran J, 2002. Diarrhea outbreak among Czech Army Field Hospital personnel caused by Providencia alcalifaciens. J Travel Med 9: 151–152.
-
13.
Shah MM, Odoyo E, Larson PS, Apondi E, Kathiiko C, Miringu G, Nakashima M, Ichinose Y, 2015. First report of a foodborne Providencia alcalifaciens outbreak in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 497–500.
-
14.
Genthe NA, Thoden JB, Benning MM, Holden HM, 2015. Molecular structure of an N-formyltransferase from Providencia alcalifaciens O30. Protein Sci 24: 976–986.
-
15.
Stuart CA, Wheeler KM, Rustigian R, Zimmerman A, 1943. Biochemical and antigenic relationships of the paracolon bacteria. J Bacteriol 45: 101–119.
-
16.
Brown GW, 1952. Anaerogenic paracolon bacilli associated with gastro-enteritis in children. Med J Aust 2: 658–664.
-
17.
Ridge LE, Thomas ME, 1955. Infection with the Providence type of paracolon bacillus in a residential nursery. J Pathol Bacteriol 69: 334–337.
-
18.
Graber CD, Lincoln AF, 1955. Infantile diarrhea in the Denver area: significance of Proteus-Providence organisms. Pediatrics 16: 585–589.
-
19.
Sen R, 1962. Isolation of strains of the providence group from cases with diarrheoa in Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa. Indian J Med Res 50: 622–626.
-
20.
Bhat P, Myers RM, Feldman RA, 1971. Providence group of organisms in the aetiology of juvenile diarrhoea. Indian J Med Res 59: 1010–1018.
-
21.
Shah M, Kathiiko C, Wada A, Odoyo E, Bundi M, Miringu G, Guyo S, Karama M, Ichinose Y, 2016. Prevalence, seasonal variation, and antibiotic resistance pattern of enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized diarrheic children in suburban regions of central Kenya. Trop Med Health 44: 39.
-
22.
Vieira ABR, Koh IHJ, Guth BEC, 2003. Providencia alcalifaciens strains translocate from the gastrointestinal tract and are resistant to lytic activity of serum complement. J Med Microbiol 52: 633–636.
-
23.
Senior BW, 1997. Media for the detection and recognition of the enteropathogen Providencia alcalifaciens in faeces. J Med Microbiol 46: 524–527.
-
24.
Albert MJ, Alam K, Islam M, Montanaro J, Rahaman AS, Haider K, Hossain MA, Kibriya AK, Tzipori S, 1991. Hafnia alvei, a probable cause of diarrhea in humans. Infect Immun 59: 1507–1513.
-
25.
Pazzaglia G, Sack RB, Bourgeois AL, Froehlich J, Eckstein J, 1990. Diarrhea and intestinal invasiveness of Aeromonas strains in the removable intestinal tie rabbit model. Infect Immun 58: 1924–1931.
-
26.
Spira WM, Sack RB, Froehlich JL, 1981. Simple adult rabbit model for Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Eschenichia coli diarrhea. Infect Immun 32: 739–747.
-
27.
Mathan MM, Mathan VI, Albert MJ, 1993. Electron microscopic study of the attachment and penetration of rabbit intestinal epithelium by Providencia alcalifaciens. J Pathol 171: 67–71.
-
28.
Albert MJ, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Neogi PKB, Faruque ASG, 1995. Characteristics of invasion of HEp-2 cells by Providencia alcalifaciens. J Med Microbiol 42: 186–190.
-
29.
Khashe S, Scales DJ, Abbott SL, Janda JM, 2001. Non-invasive Providencia alcalifaciens strains fail to attach to HEp-2 cells. Curr Microbiol 43: 414–417.
-
30.
Magalhaes V, Leal NC, Melo VM, Sobreira M, Magalhaes M, 1996. Invasion of HeLa cells by Providencia alcalifaciens presumably is plasmid-encoded. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91: 767–768.
-
31.
Maszewska A, Torzewska A, Staczek P, Rozalski A, 2010. Enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells as a model for in vitro studies of diarrhoeagenic Providencia alcalifaciens invasion. Microb Pathog 49: 285–293.
-
32.
Hidalgo IJ, Raub TJ, Borchardt RT, 1989. Characterization of the human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) as a model system for intestinal epithelial permeability. Gastroenterology 96: 736–749.
-
33.
Sansonetti PJ, Kopecko DJ, Formal SB, 1982. Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 35: 852–860.
-
34.
Silva RM, Toledo MRF, Trabulsi LR, 1982. Correlation of invasiveness with plasmid in enteroinvasive strains of Escherichia coli. J Inject Dis 146: 706.
-
35.
Harris JR, Wachsmuth IK, Davis BR, Cohen ML, 1982. High- molecular-weight plasmid correlates with Escherichia coli enteroinvasiveness. Infect Immun 37: 1295–1298.
-
36.
Zink DL, Feeley JC, Wells JG, Vanderzant C, Vickery JC, Roof WD, O’Donovan GA, 1980. Plasmid-mediated tissue invasiveness in Yersinia enterocolitica. Nature 283: 224–226.
-
37.
Sobreira M, Leal NC, Magalhães M, Guth BE, Almeida AM, 2001. Molecular analysis of clinical isolates of Providencia alcalifaciens. J Med Microbiol 50: 29–34.
-
38.
Rahman M, Monira S, Nahar S, Ansaruzzaman M, Alam K, Alam M, Albert MJ, 2002. TnphoA mutants of Providencia alcalifaciens with altered invasiveness of HEp-2 cells. J Med Microbiol 51: 682–686.
-
39.
Taylor RK, Miller VL, Furlong DB, Mekalanos JJ, 1987. Use of phoA gene fusions to identify a pilus colonization factor coordinately regulated with cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2833–2837.
-
40.
Donnenberg MS, Calderwood SB, Donohue-Rolfe A, Keusch GT, Kaper JB, 1990. Construction and analysis of TnphoA mutants of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli unable to invade Hep-2 cells. Infect Immun 58: 1565–1571.
-
41.
Allaoui A, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C, 1992. MxiJ, a lipoprotein involved in secretion of Shigella Ipa invasins, is homologous to YscJ, a secretion factor of the Yersinia Yop proteins. J Bacteriol 174: 7661–7669.
-
42.
Shima A, Hinenoya A, Asakura M, Sugimoto N, Tsukamoto T, Ito H, Nagita A, Faruque SM, Yamasaki S, 2012. Molecular characterizations of cytolethal distending toxin produced by Providencia alcalifaciens strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. Infect Immun 80: 1323–1332.
-
43.
Yamasaki S, Asakura M, Tsukamoto T, Faruque SM, Deb R, Ramamurthy T, 2008. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT): genetic diversity, structure and role in diarrheal disease. Toxin Rev 25: 61–88.
-
44.
Albert MJ, Faruque SM, Faruque AS, Bettelheim KA, Neogi PK, Bhuiyan NA, Kaper JB, 1996. Controlled study of cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 34: 717–719.
-
45.
Pandey M et al. 2003. Association of cytolethal distending toxin locus cdtB with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in Calcutta, India. J Clin Microbiol 41: 5277–5281.
-
46.
Bouzari S, Oloomi M, Oswald E, 2005. Detection of the cytolethal distending toxin locus cdtB among diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from humans in Iran. Res Microbiol 156: 137–144.
-
47.
Hinenoya A, Naigita A, Ninomiya K, Asakura M, Shima K, Seto K, Tsukamoto T, Ramamurthy T, Faruque SM, Yamasaki S, 2009. Prevalence and characteristics of cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli from children with diarrhea in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 53: 206–215.
-
48.
Chen X, Kodama T, Iida T, Honda T, 2007. Demonstration and characterization of manganese superoxide dismutase of Providencia alcalifaciens. Microbiol Immunol 51: 951–961.
-
49.
Asakura H, Momose Y, Ryu CH, Kasuga F, Yamamoto S, Kumagai S, Igimi S, 2013. Providencia alcalifaciens causes barrier dysfunction and apoptosis in tissue cell culture: potent role of lipopolysaccharides on diarrheagenicity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30: 1459–1466.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 146 | 147 | 44 |
| Full Text Views | 1533 | 265 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 979 | 157 | 3 |
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Providencia alcalifaciens Infections
Mohammad Monir Shah
Mohammad Monir Shah
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya;
Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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PubMed
Erick Odoyo
Erick Odoyo
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya;
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PubMed
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Yoshio Ichinose
Yoshio Ichinose
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya;
Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
Search for other papers by Yoshio Ichinose in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
Search for other papers by Yoshio Ichinose in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Providencia alcalifaciens is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae that has been commonly implicated as a causative agent of diarrheal infection in humans and animals. Recent outbreaks of P. alcalifaciens in both developing and developed countries have raised public health concerns. Several studies have suggested that P. alcalifaciens can cause diarrhea by invading the intestinal mucosa, although its pathogenicity has not been well established. Often routine laboratory investigations that seek etiological agents of diarrhea do not actively pursue P. alcalifaciens detection. Therefore, routine laboratory diagnosis should be given more attention for better understanding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of P. alcalifaciens.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Mohammad Monir Shah and Yoshio Ichinose, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya and Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan, E-mails: shah@nagasaki-u.ac.jp and ichinose@nagasaki-u.ac.jp. Erick Odoyo, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: e.odoyo@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
DI H, Liang S, Li Q, Shi L, Shima A, Meng H, Yan H, Yamasaki S, 2018. Providencia in retail meats from Guangzhou, China and Osaka, Japan: prevalence, antimicrobialresistance and characterization of classes 1, 2 and 3 integrons. J Vet Med Sci 80: 829–835.
-
2.
O’Hara CM, Brenner FW, Miller JM, 2000. Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. Clin Microbiol Rev 13: 534–546.
-
3.
Albert MJ, Faruque ASG, Mahalanabis D, 1998. Association of Providencia alcalifaciens with diarrhea in children. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1433–1435.
-
4.
Guth BEC, Perrella E, 1996. Prevalence of invasive ability and other virulence-associated characteristics in Providencia alcalifaciens strains isolated in São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Microbiol 45: 459–462.
-
5.
Haynes J, Hawkey PM, 1989. Providencia alcalifaciens and travellers’ diarrhoea. BMJ 299: 94–95.
-
6.
Yoh M, Matsuyama J, Ohnishi M, Takagi K, Miyagi H, Mori K, Park KS, Ono T, Honda T, 2005. Importance of Providencia species as a major cause of traveler’s diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 54: 1077–1082.
-
7.
Janda JM, Abbott SL, Woodward D, Khashe S, 1998. Invasion of HEp-2 and other eukaryotic cell lines by Providencia: further evidence supporting the role of Providencia alcalifaciens in bacterial gastroenteritis. Curr Microbiol 37: 159–165.
-
8.
Möhr AJ, van der Lugt JJ, Josling D, Picard J, van der Merwe LL, 2002. Primary bacterial enteritis caused by Providencia alcalifaciens in three dogs. Vet Rec 150: 52–53.
-
9.
Wang X, Wang J, Hao H, Qiu L, Liu H, Chen S, Dang R, Yang Z, 2014. Pathogenic Providencia alcalifaciens strain that causes fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in piglets. Curr Microbiol 68: 278–284.
-
10.
Albert MJ, Alam K, Ansaruzzaman M, Islam MM, Rahman AS, Haider K, Bhuiyan NA, Nahar S, Ryan N, Montanaro J, 1992. Pathogenesis of Providencia alcalifaciens-induced diarrhea. Infect Immun 60: 5017–5024.
-
11.
Murata T, Iida T, Shiomi Y, Tagomori K, Akeda Y, Yanagihara I, Mushiake S, Ishiguro F, Honda T, 2001. A large outbreak of foodborne infection attributed to Providencia alcalifaciens. J Infect Dis 184: 1050–1055.
-
12.
Chlibek R, Jirous J, Beran J, 2002. Diarrhea outbreak among Czech Army Field Hospital personnel caused by Providencia alcalifaciens. J Travel Med 9: 151–152.
-
13.
Shah MM, Odoyo E, Larson PS, Apondi E, Kathiiko C, Miringu G, Nakashima M, Ichinose Y, 2015. First report of a foodborne Providencia alcalifaciens outbreak in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 497–500.
-
14.
Genthe NA, Thoden JB, Benning MM, Holden HM, 2015. Molecular structure of an N-formyltransferase from Providencia alcalifaciens O30. Protein Sci 24: 976–986.
-
15.
Stuart CA, Wheeler KM, Rustigian R, Zimmerman A, 1943. Biochemical and antigenic relationships of the paracolon bacteria. J Bacteriol 45: 101–119.
-
16.
Brown GW, 1952. Anaerogenic paracolon bacilli associated with gastro-enteritis in children. Med J Aust 2: 658–664.
-
17.
Ridge LE, Thomas ME, 1955. Infection with the Providence type of paracolon bacillus in a residential nursery. J Pathol Bacteriol 69: 334–337.
-
18.
Graber CD, Lincoln AF, 1955. Infantile diarrhea in the Denver area: significance of Proteus-Providence organisms. Pediatrics 16: 585–589.
-
19.
Sen R, 1962. Isolation of strains of the providence group from cases with diarrheoa in Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa. Indian J Med Res 50: 622–626.
-
20.
Bhat P, Myers RM, Feldman RA, 1971. Providence group of organisms in the aetiology of juvenile diarrhoea. Indian J Med Res 59: 1010–1018.
-
21.
Shah M, Kathiiko C, Wada A, Odoyo E, Bundi M, Miringu G, Guyo S, Karama M, Ichinose Y, 2016. Prevalence, seasonal variation, and antibiotic resistance pattern of enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized diarrheic children in suburban regions of central Kenya. Trop Med Health 44: 39.
-
22.
Vieira ABR, Koh IHJ, Guth BEC, 2003. Providencia alcalifaciens strains translocate from the gastrointestinal tract and are resistant to lytic activity of serum complement. J Med Microbiol 52: 633–636.
-
23.
Senior BW, 1997. Media for the detection and recognition of the enteropathogen Providencia alcalifaciens in faeces. J Med Microbiol 46: 524–527.
-
24.
Albert MJ, Alam K, Islam M, Montanaro J, Rahaman AS, Haider K, Hossain MA, Kibriya AK, Tzipori S, 1991. Hafnia alvei, a probable cause of diarrhea in humans. Infect Immun 59: 1507–1513.
-
25.
Pazzaglia G, Sack RB, Bourgeois AL, Froehlich J, Eckstein J, 1990. Diarrhea and intestinal invasiveness of Aeromonas strains in the removable intestinal tie rabbit model. Infect Immun 58: 1924–1931.
-
26.
Spira WM, Sack RB, Froehlich JL, 1981. Simple adult rabbit model for Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Eschenichia coli diarrhea. Infect Immun 32: 739–747.
-
27.
Mathan MM, Mathan VI, Albert MJ, 1993. Electron microscopic study of the attachment and penetration of rabbit intestinal epithelium by Providencia alcalifaciens. J Pathol 171: 67–71.
-
28.
Albert MJ, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Neogi PKB, Faruque ASG, 1995. Characteristics of invasion of HEp-2 cells by Providencia alcalifaciens. J Med Microbiol 42: 186–190.
-
29.
Khashe S, Scales DJ, Abbott SL, Janda JM, 2001. Non-invasive Providencia alcalifaciens strains fail to attach to HEp-2 cells. Curr Microbiol 43: 414–417.
-
30.
Magalhaes V, Leal NC, Melo VM, Sobreira M, Magalhaes M, 1996. Invasion of HeLa cells by Providencia alcalifaciens presumably is plasmid-encoded. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91: 767–768.
-
31.
Maszewska A, Torzewska A, Staczek P, Rozalski A, 2010. Enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells as a model for in vitro studies of diarrhoeagenic Providencia alcalifaciens invasion. Microb Pathog 49: 285–293.
-
32.
Hidalgo IJ, Raub TJ, Borchardt RT, 1989. Characterization of the human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) as a model system for intestinal epithelial permeability. Gastroenterology 96: 736–749.
-
33.
Sansonetti PJ, Kopecko DJ, Formal SB, 1982. Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 35: 852–860.
-
34.
Silva RM, Toledo MRF, Trabulsi LR, 1982. Correlation of invasiveness with plasmid in enteroinvasive strains of Escherichia coli. J Inject Dis 146: 706.
-
35.
Harris JR, Wachsmuth IK, Davis BR, Cohen ML, 1982. High- molecular-weight plasmid correlates with Escherichia coli enteroinvasiveness. Infect Immun 37: 1295–1298.
-
36.
Zink DL, Feeley JC, Wells JG, Vanderzant C, Vickery JC, Roof WD, O’Donovan GA, 1980. Plasmid-mediated tissue invasiveness in Yersinia enterocolitica. Nature 283: 224–226.
-
37.
Sobreira M, Leal NC, Magalhães M, Guth BE, Almeida AM, 2001. Molecular analysis of clinical isolates of Providencia alcalifaciens. J Med Microbiol 50: 29–34.
-
38.
Rahman M, Monira S, Nahar S, Ansaruzzaman M, Alam K, Alam M, Albert MJ, 2002. TnphoA mutants of Providencia alcalifaciens with altered invasiveness of HEp-2 cells. J Med Microbiol 51: 682–686.
-
39.
Taylor RK, Miller VL, Furlong DB, Mekalanos JJ, 1987. Use of phoA gene fusions to identify a pilus colonization factor coordinately regulated with cholera toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2833–2837.
-
40.
Donnenberg MS, Calderwood SB, Donohue-Rolfe A, Keusch GT, Kaper JB, 1990. Construction and analysis of TnphoA mutants of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli unable to invade Hep-2 cells. Infect Immun 58: 1565–1571.
-
41.
Allaoui A, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C, 1992. MxiJ, a lipoprotein involved in secretion of Shigella Ipa invasins, is homologous to YscJ, a secretion factor of the Yersinia Yop proteins. J Bacteriol 174: 7661–7669.
-
42.
Shima A, Hinenoya A, Asakura M, Sugimoto N, Tsukamoto T, Ito H, Nagita A, Faruque SM, Yamasaki S, 2012. Molecular characterizations of cytolethal distending toxin produced by Providencia alcalifaciens strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. Infect Immun 80: 1323–1332.
-
43.
Yamasaki S, Asakura M, Tsukamoto T, Faruque SM, Deb R, Ramamurthy T, 2008. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT): genetic diversity, structure and role in diarrheal disease. Toxin Rev 25: 61–88.
-
44.
Albert MJ, Faruque SM, Faruque AS, Bettelheim KA, Neogi PK, Bhuiyan NA, Kaper JB, 1996. Controlled study of cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 34: 717–719.
-
45.
Pandey M et al. 2003. Association of cytolethal distending toxin locus cdtB with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in Calcutta, India. J Clin Microbiol 41: 5277–5281.
-
46.
Bouzari S, Oloomi M, Oswald E, 2005. Detection of the cytolethal distending toxin locus cdtB among diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from humans in Iran. Res Microbiol 156: 137–144.
-
47.
Hinenoya A, Naigita A, Ninomiya K, Asakura M, Shima K, Seto K, Tsukamoto T, Ramamurthy T, Faruque SM, Yamasaki S, 2009. Prevalence and characteristics of cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli from children with diarrhea in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 53: 206–215.
-
48.
Chen X, Kodama T, Iida T, Honda T, 2007. Demonstration and characterization of manganese superoxide dismutase of Providencia alcalifaciens. Microbiol Immunol 51: 951–961.
-
49.
Asakura H, Momose Y, Ryu CH, Kasuga F, Yamamoto S, Kumagai S, Igimi S, 2013. Providencia alcalifaciens causes barrier dysfunction and apoptosis in tissue cell culture: potent role of lipopolysaccharides on diarrheagenicity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30: 1459–1466.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 146 | 147 | 44 |
| Full Text Views | 1533 | 265 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 979 | 157 | 3 |