ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Biggs HM et al. 2016. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 65: 1–44.
-
2.
Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Demma L, Traeger M, Johnson B, Dickson J, McQuiston J, Swerdlow D, 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Arizona: documentation of heavy environmental infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus at an endemic site. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 338–341.
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Eremeeva ME, Zambrano ML, Anaya L, 2011. Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico. J Med Entomol 48: 418–421.
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Álvarez-Hernández G, Roldán JFG, Milan NSH, Lash RR, Behravesh CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mexico: past, present, and future. Lancet Infect Dis 17: e189–e196.
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Gómez-Castellanos P, Tinoco-Gracia L, López-Valencia G, Oshima S, Medina Basulto G, 2015. Deteccion de especies del genero Rickettsia por PCR en pacientes del sector salud y analisis de factores de riesgo en Mexicali Baja California. Rev Biomed 26: 59.
-
6.
Tinoco Gracia L, Lomelí MR, Hiro-Oshima S, Stephenson N, Foley J, 2018. Molecular confirmation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever epidemic agent in Mexicali, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 1723–1725.
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7.
Zavala-Castro JE, Dzul-Rosado KR, León JJA, Walker DH, Zavala-Velázquez JE, 2008. An increase in human cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Yucatan, Mexico, involving children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 907–910.
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Tinoco-Gracia L, Quiroz-Romero H, Quintero-Martínez M, Rentería-Evangelista T, González-Medina Y, Barreras-Serrano A, Hori-Oshima S, Moro M, Vinasco J, 2009. Prevalence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs in a region on the Mexico-USA border. Vet Rec 164: 59–61.
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9.
Tinoco-Gracia L, Quiroz-Romero H, Quintero-Martínez M, Rentería-Evangelista T, Barreras-Serrano A, Romano-Osuna M, García-Prieto B, Escárcega-Ávila A, 2009. Prevalencia de Infestación de Garrapatas (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) en Perros y su Asociación a Factores de Riesgo en la Zona Urbana de Mexicali, Baja California, México. VIII Congreso Nacional de Parasitología Veterinaria, Octubre 26–28, 2009, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 242.
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Field-Cortazares J, Moreno JS-y, 2011. Rickettsiosis en Baja California. Bol Clin Hosp Infant Edo Son 28: 44–50.
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Drexler N, Miller M, Gerding J, Todd S, Adams L, Dahlgren FS, Bryant N, Weis E, Herrick K, Francies J, 2014. Community-based control of the brown dog tick in a region with high rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2012–2013. PLoS One 9: e112368.
-
12.
Yoder J, Benoit J, Rellinger E, Tank J, 2006. Developmental profiles in tick water balance with a focus on the new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Med Vet Entomol 20: 365–372.
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13.
Parola P, Socolovschi C, Jeanjean L, Bitam I, Fournier P-E, Sotto A, Labauge P, Raoult D, 2008. Warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsioses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e338.
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Dantas-Torres F, 2010. Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit Vectors 3: 26.
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Stenos J, Graves SR, Unsworth NB, 2005. A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1083–1085.
-
16.
Guedes E, de Azevedo Prata MC, dos Reis ÉS, Cançado PH, Leite RC, 2012. Comparative efficiency of two models of CO2 traps in the collection of free-living stages of ixodides. Parasitol Res 111: 2325–2328.
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Humair PF, Douet V, Moran Cadenas F, Schouls LM, Van De Pol I, Gern L, 2007. Molecular identification of bloodmeal source in Ixodes ricinus ticks using 12S rDNA as a genetic marker. J Med Entomol 44: 869–880.
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Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S, 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67: 1–48.
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25.
Field-Cortazares J, Escárcega-Ávila AM, López-Valencia G, Barreras-Serrano A, Tinoco-Gracia L, 2015. Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a riquetsiosis (Rickettsia rickettsii) en humanos de Ensenada, Baja California, México. Gac Méd Méx 151: 42–46.
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Tinoco-Gracia L et al. 2009. Diagnostico Serologico y Molecular de un Brote de Riquetsiosis (Rickettsia rickettsii) en Perros y un Humano en la Cuidad de Mexicali, Baja California. XXXIV Congreso Anual de Infectologia y Microbiologia Clinica, October 7–10, 2009, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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Unbiased Assessment of Abundance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato Ticks, Canine Exposure to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, and Risk Factors in Mexicali, México
Janet Foley
Janet Foley
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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Luis Tinoco-Gracia
Luis Tinoco-Gracia
Laboratorio de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Moises Rodriguez-Lomelí
Moises Rodriguez-Lomelí
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Julia Estrada-Guzmán
Julia Estrada-Guzmán
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Maria Fierro
Maria Fierro
Public Health Department, Imperial County, California;
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Elva Mattar-Lopez
Elva Mattar-Lopez
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Amy Peterson
Amy Peterson
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Emily Pascoe
Emily Pascoe
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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Yolanda Gonzalez
Yolanda Gonzalez
Laboratorio de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Sawako Hori-Oshima
Sawako Hori-Oshima
Laboratorio de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Paige A. Armstrong
Paige A. Armstrong
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Gilberto Lopez
Gilberto Lopez
Laboratorio de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Mariana Jacome-Ibarra
Mariana Jacome-Ibarra
Laboratorio de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Christopher D. Paddock
Christopher D. Paddock
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Oscar E. Zazueta
Oscar E. Zazueta
Dirección de Enseñanza y Vinculación, Instituto de Servicios de Salud Pública del Estado de Baja California, Mexicali, México
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An epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is ongoing in Mexicali, México. We visited 100 neighborhoods with diagnosed human cases and 100 control neighborhoods to evaluate knowledge of the epidemic; obtain data on the spatial distribution of dogs, canine seroprevalence and active infection, tick infestations, and presence of rickettsial DNA in ticks; and evaluate risk factors for human cases, seropositivity, and tick infestation within an unbiased study design. The majority (80%) of residents had heard of RMSF, but only 48% used acaricides in the home or on dogs. Case neighborhoods and those with high canine seroprevalence tended to be on the city periphery or in the agricultural valley. No dogs were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for Rickettsia rickettsii, and the overall seroprevalence was 65% (titers from 64 to 1,024). PCR prevalence in ticks was 0.70%, confirmed by DNA sequencing as R. rickettsii; neighborhood prevalence ranged from 0.7% to 6.1%. Twelve percent of dogs had high tick burdens, and all ticks were Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Epidemiologically significant risk factors were ground covering for a neighborhood having a human case; dogs having poor body condition and weighing < 10 kg for canine seropositivity; dogs living at the home for the number of ticks in the environment; and being near canals, having trash on the patio, and a dog being thin for tick burdens on dogs. A One Health approach is crucial to understanding RMSF and brown dog ticks.
Author Notes
Financial support: J. F. acknowledges funding from the Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement 1U01CK000516) and the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. Funding was also provided by the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, from the “XIII Call for Support for Social Service Projects 2017 of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California and Funds of the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Institute for Veterinary Scientific Investigation.”
Authors’ addresses: Janet Foley and Emily Pascoe, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, E-mails: jefoley@ucdavis.edu and emilylpascoe@gmail.com. Luis Tinoco-Gracia, Yolanda Gonzalez, Sawako Hori-Oshima, Gilberto Lopez, and Mariana Jacome-Ibarra, Laboratorio de Salud Pública Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México, E-mails: ltinoco@uabc.edu.mx, yolygonzalez64@hotmail.com, shori@uabc.edu.mx, gilbertolopez@uabc.edu.mx, and mariana.jacome@uabc.edu.mx. Moises Rodriguez-Lomelí, Julia Estrada-Guzmán, and Elva Mattar-Lopez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México, E-mails: moises.rodriguez.lomeli@uabc.edu.mx, juliaestrada@uabc.edu.mx, and emattar@uabc.edu.mx. Maria Fierro, Public Health Department, Imperial County, CA, E-mail: mariafierro@co.imperial.ca.us. Amy Peterson, Paige A. Armstrong, and Christopher D. Paddock, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: amp7@cdc.gov, yzu9@cdc.gov, and cdp9@cdc.gov. Oscar E. Zazueta, Dirección de Enseñanza y Vinculación, Instituto de Servicios de Salud Pública del Estado de Baja California, Mexicali, México, E-mail: efren_zazueta89@hotmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Biggs HM et al. 2016. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 65: 1–44.
-
2.
Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Demma L, Traeger M, Johnson B, Dickson J, McQuiston J, Swerdlow D, 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Arizona: documentation of heavy environmental infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus at an endemic site. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 338–341.
-
3.
Eremeeva ME, Zambrano ML, Anaya L, 2011. Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico. J Med Entomol 48: 418–421.
-
4.
Álvarez-Hernández G, Roldán JFG, Milan NSH, Lash RR, Behravesh CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mexico: past, present, and future. Lancet Infect Dis 17: e189–e196.
-
5.
Gómez-Castellanos P, Tinoco-Gracia L, López-Valencia G, Oshima S, Medina Basulto G, 2015. Deteccion de especies del genero Rickettsia por PCR en pacientes del sector salud y analisis de factores de riesgo en Mexicali Baja California. Rev Biomed 26: 59.
-
6.
Tinoco Gracia L, Lomelí MR, Hiro-Oshima S, Stephenson N, Foley J, 2018. Molecular confirmation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever epidemic agent in Mexicali, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 1723–1725.
-
7.
Zavala-Castro JE, Dzul-Rosado KR, León JJA, Walker DH, Zavala-Velázquez JE, 2008. An increase in human cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Yucatan, Mexico, involving children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 907–910.
-
8.
Tinoco-Gracia L, Quiroz-Romero H, Quintero-Martínez M, Rentería-Evangelista T, González-Medina Y, Barreras-Serrano A, Hori-Oshima S, Moro M, Vinasco J, 2009. Prevalence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs in a region on the Mexico-USA border. Vet Rec 164: 59–61.
-
9.
Tinoco-Gracia L, Quiroz-Romero H, Quintero-Martínez M, Rentería-Evangelista T, Barreras-Serrano A, Romano-Osuna M, García-Prieto B, Escárcega-Ávila A, 2009. Prevalencia de Infestación de Garrapatas (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) en Perros y su Asociación a Factores de Riesgo en la Zona Urbana de Mexicali, Baja California, México. VIII Congreso Nacional de Parasitología Veterinaria, Octubre 26–28, 2009, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 242.
-
10.
Field-Cortazares J, Moreno JS-y, 2011. Rickettsiosis en Baja California. Bol Clin Hosp Infant Edo Son 28: 44–50.
-
11.
Drexler N, Miller M, Gerding J, Todd S, Adams L, Dahlgren FS, Bryant N, Weis E, Herrick K, Francies J, 2014. Community-based control of the brown dog tick in a region with high rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2012–2013. PLoS One 9: e112368.
-
12.
Yoder J, Benoit J, Rellinger E, Tank J, 2006. Developmental profiles in tick water balance with a focus on the new Rocky Mountain spotted fever vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Med Vet Entomol 20: 365–372.
-
13.
Parola P, Socolovschi C, Jeanjean L, Bitam I, Fournier P-E, Sotto A, Labauge P, Raoult D, 2008. Warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsioses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e338.
-
14.
Dantas-Torres F, 2010. Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit Vectors 3: 26.
-
15.
Stenos J, Graves SR, Unsworth NB, 2005. A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1083–1085.
-
16.
Guedes E, de Azevedo Prata MC, dos Reis ÉS, Cançado PH, Leite RC, 2012. Comparative efficiency of two models of CO2 traps in the collection of free-living stages of ixodides. Parasitol Res 111: 2325–2328.
-
17.
Walker JB, Keirans JE, Horak IG, 2000. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
-
18.
Nava S et al. 2018. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806): neotype designation, morphological re-description of all parasitic stages and molecular characterization. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 9: 1573–1585.
-
19.
Humair PF, Douet V, Moran Cadenas F, Schouls LM, Van De Pol I, Gern L, 2007. Molecular identification of bloodmeal source in Ixodes ricinus ticks using 12S rDNA as a genetic marker. J Med Entomol 44: 869–880.
-
20.
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis B, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173: 1576–1589.
-
21.
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S, 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67: 1–48.
-
22.
Zeileis A, 2004. Econometric computing with HC and HAC covariance matrix estimators. J Stat Softw 11: 1–17.
-
23.
Venables WN, Ripley BD, 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S, 4th edition. New York, NY: Springer.
-
24.
Cançado PH, Piranda EM, Mourão GM, Faccini JL, 2008. Spatial distribution and impact of cattle-raising on ticks in the Pantanal region of Brazil by using the CO(2) tick trap. Parasitol Res 103: 371–377.
-
25.
Field-Cortazares J, Escárcega-Ávila AM, López-Valencia G, Barreras-Serrano A, Tinoco-Gracia L, 2015. Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a riquetsiosis (Rickettsia rickettsii) en humanos de Ensenada, Baja California, México. Gac Méd Méx 151: 42–46.
-
26.
Tinoco-Gracia L et al. 2009. Diagnostico Serologico y Molecular de un Brote de Riquetsiosis (Rickettsia rickettsii) en Perros y un Humano en la Cuidad de Mexicali, Baja California. XXXIV Congreso Anual de Infectologia y Microbiologia Clinica, October 7–10, 2009, Guadalajara, Mexico.
-
27.
Tinoco-Gracia L, Hori-Oshima S, Medina-Basulto G, Renteria-Evangelista T, Barreras-Serrano A, Lopez-Valencia G, Cueto-Gonzalez S, Romano-Osuna M, Garcia-Prieto B, 2009. Prevalencia y Factores de Riesgo de Riquetsiosis (Rickettsia rickettsii) en Perros en la Zona Urbana de Mexicali, Baja California. X Congreso Internacional COMVEPE BC-IICV, UABC, August 13–15, 2009, Tijuana, Mexico.
-
28.
Tinoco-Gracia L, Hori-Oshima S, Medina-Basulto G, Renteria-Evangelista T, Barreras-Serrano A, Lopez-Valencia G, Cueto-Gonzalez S, Romano-Osuna M, Garcia-Prieto B, 2009. Prevalencia de Riquetsiosis (Rickettsia rickettsii) en Perros Asociada al Grado de Marginilidad en la Zona Urbana de Mexicali, Baja California. XIV Congreso Veterinario de Leon, September 2–5, 2009, Leon Mexico.
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