ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2017. Global Hepatitis Report. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255016/9789241565455-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed April 5, 2018.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2016. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016–2021. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246177/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed June 11, 2018.
-
3.
Pan American Health Organization, 2015. Resolution CD54.R7 Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis. Available at: https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2015/CD54-R7-e.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2019.
-
4.
Pan American Health Organization, 2017. EMTCT Plus Framework for Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas. Available at: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/34306/PAHOCHA17009-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed April 16, 2018.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2017. Hepatitis B vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 92: 369–392.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2017. Global and Regional Immunization Profile: Region of the Americas WHO/UNICEF Coverage Estimates for 1980–2017. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/gs_amrprofile.pdf?ua=1. Accessed July 30, 2018.
-
7.
World Health Organization, 2017. WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System. Available at: http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/countries?countrycriteria%5Bcountry%5D%5B%5D=HTI. Accessed July 30, 2018.
-
8.
Boulos R, Ruff AJ, Nahmias A, Holt E, Harrison L, Magder L, Wiktor SZ, Quinn TC, Margolis H, Halsey NA, 1992. Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus infection in Haitian women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infections. The Johns Hopkins University (JHU)/Centre pour le Developpement et la Santé (CDS) HIV Study Group. J Infect Dis 166: 418–420.
-
9.
Delage G, Montplaisir S, Rémy-Prince S, Pierri E, 1986. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women in the Montreal area. CMAJ 134: 897–901.
-
10.
Malison MD, Kane MA, Johnson JM, Schable CA, Gridley MJ, Polkowski J, 1985. A seroprevalence survey of hepatitis B markers among Haitians in a southwest Florida farming community. Am J Public Health 75: 1094–1095.
-
11.
Moskowitz LB, Kory P, Chan JC, Haverkos HW, Conley FK, Hensley GT, 1983. Unusual causes of death in Haitians residing in Miami. JAMA: 1187–1191.
-
12.
Jean Baptiste AE, Chevalier MS, Polo E, Noel E, Hulland EN, Archer WR, 2018. Trends in hepatitis B and hepatitis C seroprevalence among blood donors—Haiti, 2005–2014. ISBT Sci Ser 13: 150–157.
-
13.
Andernach IE, Nolte C, Pape JW, Muller CP, 2009. Slave trade and hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes in Haiti and Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1222–1228.
-
14.
Tohme RA et al. 2016. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Haiti: a cross-sectional serosurvey. J Clin Virol 76: 66–71.
-
15.
Ropero Alvarez AM, Perez-Vilar S, Pacis-Tirso C, Contreras M, El Omeiri N, Ruiz-Matus C, Velandia-Gonzalez M, 2017. Progress in vaccination towards hepatitis B control and elimination in the region of the Americas. BMC Public Health 17: 325.
-
16.
Alere Determine HBsAg Brochure, 2007. Available at: https://www.alere.com/en/home/support/doc-search.html. Accessed April 23, 2018.
-
17.
Noh JW, Kim YM, Akram N, Yoo KB, Park J, Cheon J, Kwon YD, Stekelenburg J, 2018. Factors affecting complete and timely childhood immunization coverage in Sindh, Pakistan; a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data. PLoS One 13: e0206766.
-
18.
Gram L, Soremekun S, ten Asbroek A, Manu A, O’Leary M, Hill Z, Danso S, Amenga-Etego S, Owusu-Agyei S, Kirkwood BR, 2014. Socio-economic determinants and inequities in coverage and timeliness of early childhood immunization in rural Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 19: 802–811.
-
19.
Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance (IHE) et ICF, 2018. Enquête Mortalité, Morbidité et Utilisation des Services (EMMUS-VI 2016–2017). Pétion-Ville, Haïti; Rockville, MD: IHE et ICF. Available at: https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR90/PR90.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2019.
-
20.
Shapiro CN, McCaig LF, Gensheimer KF, Levy ME, Stoddard JJ, Kane MA, Hadler SC, 1989. Hepatitis B virus transmission between children in day care. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8: 870–875.
-
21.
Hayashi J, Kashiwagi S, Nomura H, Kajiyama W, Ikematsu H, 1987. Hepatitis B virus transmission in nursery schools. Am J Epidemiol 125: 492–498.
-
22.
Nigro G, Taliani G, 1989. Nursery-acquired asymptomatic B hepatitis. Lancet 1: 1451–1452.
-
23.
Garrard J, LeLand N, Smith D, 1988. Epidemiology of human bites to children in a day-care center. Am J Dis Child 142: 643–650.
-
24.
Ropero AM, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Andrus JK, 2005. Progress in vaccination against hepatitis B in the Americas. J Clin Virol 34 (Suppl 3): S14–S19.
-
25.
Diez-Padrisa N, Castellanos LG, 2013. Viral hepatitis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a public health challenge. Rev Panam Salud Publica 34: 275–281.
-
26.
de la Hoz F, Perez L, de Neira M, Hall AJ, 2008. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recombinant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. Int J Infect Dis 12: 183–189.
-
27.
Garcia D, Porras A, Rico Mendoza A, Alvis N, Navas MC, de la Hoz F, De Neira M, Osorio E, Valderrama JF, 2018. Hepatitis B infection control in Colombian Amazon after 15 years of hepatitis B vaccination. Effectiveness of birth dose and current prevalence. Vaccine 36: 2721–2726.
-
28.
Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, 2018. Country Hub – Haiti. Available at: https://www.gavi.org/country/fact-sheets/haiti.pdf. Accessed May 4, 2018.
-
29.
Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, 2017. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance Welcomes Haiti’s Commitment to Immunization. Available at: https://www.gavi.org/library/news/statements/2017/gavi-the-vaccine-alliance-welcomes-haiti-s-commitment-to-immunisation/. Accessed May 4, 2018.
-
30.
Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS Jr., Bzowej NH, Wong JB, 2018. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 67: 1560–1599.
-
31.
Allison RD, Patel MK, Tohme RA, 2017. Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose coverage correlates worldwide with rates of institutional deliveries and skilled attendance at birth. Vaccine 35: 4094–4098.
-
32.
Hutin Y et al. 2013. Improving hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose coverage: lessons from five demonstration projects in China, 2005–2009. Vaccine 31 (Suppl 9): J49–J55.
-
33.
Wang L, Li J, Chen H, Li F, Armstrong GL, Nelson C, Ze W, Shapiro CN, 2007. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborn infants in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ 85: 688–694.
-
34.
Sobel HL, Mantaring JB 3rd, Cuevas F, Ducusin JV, Thorley M, Hennessey KA, Nyunt-U S, 2011. Implementing a national policy for hepatitis B birth dose vaccination in Philippines: lessons for improved delivery. Vaccine 29: 941–945.
-
35.
Creati M, Saleh A, Ruff TA, Stewart T, Otto B, Sutanto A, Clements CJ, 2007. Implementing the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in rural Indonesia. Vaccine 25: 5985–5993.
-
36.
Li X, Heffelfinger J, Wiesen E, Diorditsa S, Valiakolleri J, Nikuata AB, Nukuro E, Tabwaia B, Woodring J, 2017. Improving hepatitis B birth dose coverage through village health volunteer training and pregnant women education. Vaccine 35: 4396–4401.
-
37.
Xeuatvongsa A, Datta SS, Moturi E, Wannemuehler K, Philakong P, Vongxay V, Vilayvone V, Patel MK, 2016. Improving hepatitis B birth dose in rural Lao People’s Democratic Republic through the use of mobile phones to facilitate communication. Vaccine 34: 5777–5784.
-
38.
Breakwell L, Anga J, Dadari I, Sadr-Azodi N, Ogaoga D, Patel M, 2017. Evaluation of storing hepatitis B vaccine outside the cold chain in the Solomon Islands: identifying opportunities and barriers to implementation. Vaccine 35: 2770–2774.
-
39.
Kolwaite AR, Xeuatvongsa A, Ramirez-Gonzalez A, Wannemuehler K, Vongxay V, Vilayvone V, Hennessey K, Patel MK, 2016. Hepatitis B vaccine stored outside the cold chain setting: a pilot study in rural Lao PDR. Vaccine 34: 3324–3330.
-
40.
Hipgrave DB, Tran TN, Huong VM, Dat DT, Nga NT, Long HT, Van NT, Maynard JE, Biggs BA, 2006. Immunogenicity of a locally produced hepatitis B vaccine with the birth dose stored outside the cold chain in rural Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 255–260.
-
41.
Otto BF, Suarnawa IM, Stewart T, Nelson C, Ruff TA, Widjaya A, Maynard JE, 1999. At-birth immunization against hepatitis B using novel pre-filled immunization device stored outside the cold chain. Vaccine 18: 498–502.
.png)
Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Children in Haiti, 2017
In 2016, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, which calls for elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by 2030 (definition: ≤ 0.1% hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] prevalence among children aged 5 years). The burden of chronic HBV infection among children in Haiti is unknown. We conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional serological survey among 5- to 7-year-old children based on a two-stage cluster design with two strata: West (includes metropolitan Port-au-Prince) and non-West (all other departments). We collected demographic, socioeconomic, and vaccination history data and tested for HBsAg using a rapid point-of-care test. We estimated HBsAg prevalence and evaluated the association of HBV infection with vaccination history, demographics, and socioeconomic characteristics. Of the 1,152 children, seven (0.5%, 95% CI: 0.2–1.2) were HBsAg positive. The HBsAg prevalence varied by region (West: 0.1%, 95% CI: 0.01–0.9; non-West: 0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2–1.9) (P = 0.1), gender (males: 0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2–2.4; females: 0.2%, 95% CI: 0.05–1.1) (P = 0.3), and caregiver’s education level (none: 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.2–3.1; some or completed primary: 0.5%, 95% CI: 0.1–1.8; some secondary: 0.4%, 95% CI: 0.1–1.8; secondary and higher: 0.0%, 95% CI: 0–0), although the differences were not statistically significant. None of the HBsAg-positive children had documented vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB). Haiti’s chronic HBV infection prevalence among children is low; however, it is above the elimination target. To reach elimination, Haiti needs to achieve high coverage with the three HepB doses and introduce a HepB birth dose.
Author Notes
Financial support: This survey was supported by a cooperative agreement between the CDC and the Haiti Ministry of Public Health and Population.
Disclosure: Valery Blot works for Institut Haitien de L’Enfance, the institution that was funded through a cooperative agreement between CDC and the Haiti Ministry of Health and Population to implement the survey.
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the CDC nor the Pan American Health Organization.
Authors’ addresses: Lana Childs, Anna A. Minta, Jodi L. Vanden Eng, and Rania A. Tohme, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: lana.cristina.childs@emory.edu, aminta@cdc.gov, jodi.vandeneng@gmail.com, and ihb1@cdc.gov. Paul Adrien, Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Haiti Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haïti, E-mail: padrien2004@yahoo.fr. Jeannot François, Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, E-mail: francoisjeannot@yahoo.fr. Nadia Phaïmyr Jn Charles, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Port-au-Prince, Haiti, E-mail: xfg6@cdc.gov. Valery Blot, Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance, Pétion-Ville, Haiti, E-mail: valeryblot@yahoo.fr. Gloria Rey-Benito, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, E-mail: reyglori@paho.org.