Murray NE, Quam MB, Wilder-Smith A, 2013. Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects. Clin Epidemiol 5: 299–309.
World Health Organization, 2012. World Health Organization (WHO) Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
Bhatt S et al. 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504–507.
Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, Messina JP, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Moyes CL, Farlow AW, Scott TW, Hay SI, 2012. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1760.
Thai KT, Binh TQ, Giao PT, Phuong HL, Hung le Q, Van Nam N, Nga TT, Groen J, Nagelkerke N, de Vries PJ, 2005. Seroprevalence of dengue antibodies, annual incidence and risk factors among children in southern Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 10: 379–386.
Low SL, Lam S, Wong WY, Teo D, Ng LC, Tan LK, 2015. Dengue seroprevalence of healthy adults in Singapore: serosurvey among blood donors, 2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 40–45.
Chew CH et al. 2016. Rural-urban comparisons of dengue seroprevalence in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 16: 824.
Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Buathong R, Iamsirithaworn S, Nisalak A, Lessler J, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV, Cummings DA, 2014. Revisiting Rayong: shifting seroprofiles of dengue in Thailand and their implications for transmission and control. Am J Epidemiol 179: 353–360.
Carabali M, Hernandez LM, Arauz MJ, Villar LA, Ridde V, 2015. Why are people with dengue dying? A scoping review of determinants for dengue mortality. BMC Infect Dis 15: 301.
Sam SS, Omar SF, Teoh BT, Abd-Jamil J, AbuBakar S, 2013. Review of dengue hemorrhagic fever fatal cases seen among adults: a retrospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2194.
Moraes GH, de Fatima Duarte E, Duarte EC, 2013. Determinants of mortality from severe dengue in Brazil: a population-based case-control study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 670–676.
Egger JR, Coleman PG, 2007. Age and clinical dengue illness. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 924–925.
Thai KT, Nishiura H, Hoang PL, Tran NT, Phan GT, Le HQ, Tran BQ, Nguyen NV, de Vries PJ, 2011. Age-specificity of clinical dengue during primary and secondary infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1180.
Guy B, Lang J, Saville M, Jackson N, 2016. Vaccination against dengue: challenges and current developments. Annu Rev Med 67: 387–404.
Villar L et al. 2015. Efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in children in Latin America. N Engl J Med 372: 113–123.
Capeding MR et al. 2014. Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children in Asia: a phase 3, randomised, observer-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 384: 1358–1365.
Juraska M et al. 2018. Viral genetic diversity and protective efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in two phase 3 trials. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115: E8378–E8387.
Moodie Z et al. 2018. Neutralizing antibody correlates analysis of tetravalent dengue vaccine efficacy trials in Asia and Latin America. J Infect Dis 217: 742–753.
Hadinegoro SR et al. 2015. Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine in regions of endemic disease. N Engl J Med 373: 1195–1206.
Sridhar S et al. 2018. Effect of dengue serostatus on dengue vaccine safety and efficacy. N Engl J Med 379: 327–340.
Mizumoto K, Ejima K, Yamamoto T, Nishiura H, 2014. On the risk of severe dengue during secondary infection: a systematic review coupled with mathematical modeling. J Vector Borne Dis 51: 153–164.
Pancharoen C, Mekmullica J, Thisyakorn U, 2001. Primary dengue infection: what are the clinical distinctions from secondary infection? Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32: 476–480.
Endy TP, Yoon IK, Mammen MP, 2010. Prospective cohort studies of dengue viral transmission and severity of disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 338: 1–13.
Guy B, Jackson N, 2016. Dengue vaccine: hypotheses to understand CYD-TDV-induced protection. Nat Rev Microbiol 14: 45–54.
Katzelnick LC, Gresh L, Halloran ME, Mercado JC, Kuan G, Gordon A, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2017. Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans. Science 358: 929–932.
Salje H et al. 2018. Reconstruction of antibody dynamics and infection histories to evaluate dengue risk. Nature 557: 719–723.
Ferguson NM, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Dorigatti I, Mier-Y-Teran-Romero L, Laydon DJ, Cummings DA, 2016. Benefits and risks of the Sanofi-Pasteur dengue vaccine: modeling optimal deployment. Science 353: 1033–1036.
World Health Organization, 2018. Revised SAGE Recommendation on Use of Dengue Vaccine. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/dengue/revised_SAGE_recommendations_dengue_vaccines_apr2018/en/. Accessed April 19, 2018.
Tran N, Luong C, Vu T, Forrat R, Lang J, Vu Q, Bouckenooghe A, Wartel T, 2012. Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant, live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) in healthy Vietnamese adults and children. J Vaccines Vaccin 3: 162.
Dubey AP, Agarkhedkar S, Chhatwal J, Narayan A, Ganguly S, Wartel TA, Bouckenooghe A, Menezes J, 2016. Immunogenicity and safety of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy adults in India: a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 12: 512–518.
Gilbert PB, Huang Y, 2016. Predicting overall vaccine efficacy in a new setting by re-calibrating baseline covariate and intermediate response endpoint effect modifiers of type-specific vaccine efficacy. Epidemiol Methods 5: 93–112.
Timiryasova TM, Bonaparte MI, Luo P, Zedar R, Hu BT, Hildreth SW, 2013. Optimization and validation of a plaque reduction neutralization test for the detection of neutralizing antibodies to four serotypes of dengue virus used in support of dengue vaccine development. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 962–970.
Juraska M, Huang Y, Gilbert PB, 2018. Inference on treatment effect modification by biomarker response in a three-phase sampling design. Biostatistics. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxy074 [Epub ahead of print].
Plotkin SA, Gilbert PB, 2012. Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 54: 1615–1617.
Qin L, Gilbert PB, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Self SG, 2007. A framework for assessing immunological correlates of protection in vaccine trials. J Infect Dis 196: 1304–1312.
Gilbert PB, Gabriel EE, Miao X, Li X, Su SC, Parrino J, Chan IS, 2014. Fold rise in antibody titers by measured by glycoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an excellent correlate of protection for a herpes zoster vaccine, demonstrated via the vaccine efficacy curve. J Infect Dis 210: 1573–1581.
Huang Y, Gilbert PB, Janes H, 2012. Assessing treatment-selection markers using a potential outcomes framework. Biometrics 68: 687–696.
Clapham HE et al. 2016. Dengue virus (DENV) neutralizing antibody kinetics in children after symptomatic primary and postprimary DENV infection. J Infect Dis 213: 1428–1435.
Katzelnick LC, Montoya M, Gresh L, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2016. Neutralizing antibody titers against dengue virus correlate with protection from symptomatic infection in a longitudinal cohort. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113: 728–733.
Sabchareon A et al. 2012. Protective efficacy of the recombinant, live-attenuated, CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine in Thai schoolchildren: a randomised, controlled phase 2b trial. Lancet 380: 1559–1567.
Plotkin SA, 2010. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 1055–1065.
Harenberg A et al. 2013. Persistence of Th1/Tc1 responses one year after tetravalent dengue vaccination in adults and adolescents in Singapore. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9: 2317–2325.
Elong Ngono A, Chen HW, Tang WW, Joo Y, King K, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Sette A, Shresta S, 2016. Protective role of cross-reactive CD8 T cells against dengue virus infection. EBioMedicine 13: 284–293.
Weiskopf D, Bangs DJ, Sidney J, Kolla RV, De Silva AD, de Silva AM, Crotty S, Peters B, Sette A, 2015. Dengue virus infection elicits highly polarized CX3CR1+ cytotoxic CD4+ T cells associated with protective immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: E4256–E4263.
Mathew A, Townsley E, Ennis FA, 2014. Elucidating the role of T cells in protection against and pathogenesis of dengue virus infections. Future Microbiol 9: 411–425.
Dayan GH, Galan-Herrera JF, Forrat R, Zambrano B, Bouckenooghe A, Harenberg A, Guy B, Lang J, 2014. Assessment of bivalent and tetravalent dengue vaccine formulations in flavivirus-naive adults in Mexico. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10: 2853–2863.
Hanna-Wakim R, Yasukawa LL, Sung P, Fang M, Sullivan B, Rinki M, DeHovitz R, Arvin AM, Gans HA, 2009. Age-related increase in the frequency of CD4(+) T cells that produce interferon-gamma in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B during childhood. J Infect Dis 200: 1921–1927.
L’Azou M et al. 2018. Dengue seroprevalence: data from the clinical development of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in 14 countries (2005–2014). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 112: 158–168.
Simon AK, Hollander GA, McMichael A, 2015. Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282: 20143085.
Guzman MG, Kouri G, Bravo J, Valdes L, Vazquez S, Halstead SB, 2002. Effect of age on outcome of secondary dengue 2 infections. Int J Infect Dis 6: 118–124.
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The CYD-TDV vaccine is licensed in multiple endemic countries based on vaccine efficacy (VE) against symptomatic, virologically confirmed dengue demonstrated in two phase 3 trials (CYD14, 2- to 14-year-olds, Asia; CYD15, 9- to 16-year-olds, Latin America). 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50) titers at baseline and month 13 (post-vaccination) were associated with VE and may enable bridging VE to adults. Two phase 2 trials of CYD-TDV measured baseline and month 13 PRNT50 titers: CYD22 (9- to 45-year-olds, Vietnam) and CYD47 (18- to 45-year-olds, India). 50% plaque reduction neutralization test distributions were compared between age cohorts, and four versions of an epidemiological bridging method were used to estimate VE against any serotype (dengue virus [DENV]-Any) and against each serotype over 25 months post first vaccination in a hypothetical CYD14 + CYD15 18- to 45-year-old cohort (bridging population 1) and in the actual CYD47 18- to 45-year-old cohort (bridging population 2). Baseline and month 13 geometric mean PRNT50 titers to each serotype were significantly greater in 18- to 45-year-olds than 9- to 16-year-olds for all comparisons. The four methods estimated VE against DENV-Any at 75.3–86.0% (95% CIs spanning 52.5–100%) for bridging population 1 and 68.4–77.5% (95% CIs spanning 42.3–88.5%) for bridging population 2. The vaccine efficacy against serotype 1, 2, 3, and 4 was estimated at 56.9–76.9%, 68.3–85.8%, 91.4–95.0%, and 93.2–100% (bridging population 1) and 44.5–66.9%, 53.2–69.2%, 79.8–92.0%, and 90.6–95.0% (bridging population 2), respectively; thus, CYD-TDV would likely confer improved efficacy in adults than 9- to 16-year-olds. Using the same methods, we predicted VE against hospitalized DENV-Any over 72 months of follow-up, with estimates 59.1–73.5% (95% CIs spanning 40.9–92.2%) for bridging population 1 and 50.9–65.9% (95% CIs spanning 38.1–82.1%) for bridging population 2.
Disclosures: N. J., L. C., A. B., B. Z., C. F., S. P., and F. N. are employees of Sanofi Pasteur. B. Z., F. N., L. C., A. B., and C. F. own stocks in Sanofi Pasteur, and N. J. has long-term incentives for Sanofi Pasteur. P. B. G., Y. H., M. J., Z. M., Y. F., A. L., Y. Z., J. S., and L. N. C. received a contract from Sanofi Pasteur to conduct the statistical analysis work. P. B. G., M. J., and Y. F. received support for travel to meetings from Sanofi Pasteur, and P. B. G. served as an unpaid consultant to Sanofi Pasteur at Advisory meetings in June and November of 2017.
Financial support: This work was supported by Sanofi Pasteur (www.sanofipasteur.us) through a contract to P. B. G. and by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, under award number R37AI054165 to P. B. G.
Authors’ addresses: Peter B. Gilbert, Ying Huang, and Youyi Fong, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, E-mails: pgilbert@fredhutch.org, yhuang@fhcrc.org, and yfong@fredhutch.org. Michal Juraska, Zoe Moodie, Alexander Luedtke, Jason Shao, and Lindsay N. Carpp, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, E-mails: mjuraska@fhcrc.org, zoe@fredhutch.org, aluedtke@fredhutch.org, jshao@fredhutch.org, and lcarpp@fredhutch.org. Yingying Zhuang, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, E-mail: yyzhuang@uw.edu. Nicholas Jackson, Laurent Chambonneau, Sophie Pallardy, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy-L’Etoile, France, E-mails: nicholas.jackson@sanofi.com, laurent.chambonneau@sanofi.com, and sophie.pallardy@sanofi.com. Alain Bouckenooghe and Carina Frago, Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore, E-mails: alain.bouckenooghe@sanofi.com and carina.frago@sanofi.com. Betzana Zambrano, Sanofi Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay, E-mail: betzana.zambrano@sanofi.com. Fernando Noriega, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, E-mail: fernando.noriega@sanofi.com.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Murray NE, Quam MB, Wilder-Smith A, 2013. Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects. Clin Epidemiol 5: 299–309.
World Health Organization, 2012. World Health Organization (WHO) Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
Bhatt S et al. 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504–507.
Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, Messina JP, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Moyes CL, Farlow AW, Scott TW, Hay SI, 2012. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1760.
Thai KT, Binh TQ, Giao PT, Phuong HL, Hung le Q, Van Nam N, Nga TT, Groen J, Nagelkerke N, de Vries PJ, 2005. Seroprevalence of dengue antibodies, annual incidence and risk factors among children in southern Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 10: 379–386.
Low SL, Lam S, Wong WY, Teo D, Ng LC, Tan LK, 2015. Dengue seroprevalence of healthy adults in Singapore: serosurvey among blood donors, 2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 40–45.
Chew CH et al. 2016. Rural-urban comparisons of dengue seroprevalence in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 16: 824.
Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Buathong R, Iamsirithaworn S, Nisalak A, Lessler J, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV, Cummings DA, 2014. Revisiting Rayong: shifting seroprofiles of dengue in Thailand and their implications for transmission and control. Am J Epidemiol 179: 353–360.
Carabali M, Hernandez LM, Arauz MJ, Villar LA, Ridde V, 2015. Why are people with dengue dying? A scoping review of determinants for dengue mortality. BMC Infect Dis 15: 301.
Sam SS, Omar SF, Teoh BT, Abd-Jamil J, AbuBakar S, 2013. Review of dengue hemorrhagic fever fatal cases seen among adults: a retrospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2194.
Moraes GH, de Fatima Duarte E, Duarte EC, 2013. Determinants of mortality from severe dengue in Brazil: a population-based case-control study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 670–676.
Egger JR, Coleman PG, 2007. Age and clinical dengue illness. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 924–925.
Thai KT, Nishiura H, Hoang PL, Tran NT, Phan GT, Le HQ, Tran BQ, Nguyen NV, de Vries PJ, 2011. Age-specificity of clinical dengue during primary and secondary infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1180.
Guy B, Lang J, Saville M, Jackson N, 2016. Vaccination against dengue: challenges and current developments. Annu Rev Med 67: 387–404.
Villar L et al. 2015. Efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in children in Latin America. N Engl J Med 372: 113–123.
Capeding MR et al. 2014. Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children in Asia: a phase 3, randomised, observer-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 384: 1358–1365.
Juraska M et al. 2018. Viral genetic diversity and protective efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in two phase 3 trials. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115: E8378–E8387.
Moodie Z et al. 2018. Neutralizing antibody correlates analysis of tetravalent dengue vaccine efficacy trials in Asia and Latin America. J Infect Dis 217: 742–753.
Hadinegoro SR et al. 2015. Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine in regions of endemic disease. N Engl J Med 373: 1195–1206.
Sridhar S et al. 2018. Effect of dengue serostatus on dengue vaccine safety and efficacy. N Engl J Med 379: 327–340.
Mizumoto K, Ejima K, Yamamoto T, Nishiura H, 2014. On the risk of severe dengue during secondary infection: a systematic review coupled with mathematical modeling. J Vector Borne Dis 51: 153–164.
Pancharoen C, Mekmullica J, Thisyakorn U, 2001. Primary dengue infection: what are the clinical distinctions from secondary infection? Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32: 476–480.
Endy TP, Yoon IK, Mammen MP, 2010. Prospective cohort studies of dengue viral transmission and severity of disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 338: 1–13.
Guy B, Jackson N, 2016. Dengue vaccine: hypotheses to understand CYD-TDV-induced protection. Nat Rev Microbiol 14: 45–54.
Katzelnick LC, Gresh L, Halloran ME, Mercado JC, Kuan G, Gordon A, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2017. Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans. Science 358: 929–932.
Salje H et al. 2018. Reconstruction of antibody dynamics and infection histories to evaluate dengue risk. Nature 557: 719–723.
Ferguson NM, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Dorigatti I, Mier-Y-Teran-Romero L, Laydon DJ, Cummings DA, 2016. Benefits and risks of the Sanofi-Pasteur dengue vaccine: modeling optimal deployment. Science 353: 1033–1036.
World Health Organization, 2018. Revised SAGE Recommendation on Use of Dengue Vaccine. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/dengue/revised_SAGE_recommendations_dengue_vaccines_apr2018/en/. Accessed April 19, 2018.
Tran N, Luong C, Vu T, Forrat R, Lang J, Vu Q, Bouckenooghe A, Wartel T, 2012. Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant, live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) in healthy Vietnamese adults and children. J Vaccines Vaccin 3: 162.
Dubey AP, Agarkhedkar S, Chhatwal J, Narayan A, Ganguly S, Wartel TA, Bouckenooghe A, Menezes J, 2016. Immunogenicity and safety of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy adults in India: a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 12: 512–518.
Gilbert PB, Huang Y, 2016. Predicting overall vaccine efficacy in a new setting by re-calibrating baseline covariate and intermediate response endpoint effect modifiers of type-specific vaccine efficacy. Epidemiol Methods 5: 93–112.
Timiryasova TM, Bonaparte MI, Luo P, Zedar R, Hu BT, Hildreth SW, 2013. Optimization and validation of a plaque reduction neutralization test for the detection of neutralizing antibodies to four serotypes of dengue virus used in support of dengue vaccine development. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 962–970.
Juraska M, Huang Y, Gilbert PB, 2018. Inference on treatment effect modification by biomarker response in a three-phase sampling design. Biostatistics. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxy074 [Epub ahead of print].
Plotkin SA, Gilbert PB, 2012. Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 54: 1615–1617.
Qin L, Gilbert PB, Corey L, McElrath MJ, Self SG, 2007. A framework for assessing immunological correlates of protection in vaccine trials. J Infect Dis 196: 1304–1312.
Gilbert PB, Gabriel EE, Miao X, Li X, Su SC, Parrino J, Chan IS, 2014. Fold rise in antibody titers by measured by glycoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an excellent correlate of protection for a herpes zoster vaccine, demonstrated via the vaccine efficacy curve. J Infect Dis 210: 1573–1581.
Huang Y, Gilbert PB, Janes H, 2012. Assessing treatment-selection markers using a potential outcomes framework. Biometrics 68: 687–696.
Clapham HE et al. 2016. Dengue virus (DENV) neutralizing antibody kinetics in children after symptomatic primary and postprimary DENV infection. J Infect Dis 213: 1428–1435.
Katzelnick LC, Montoya M, Gresh L, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2016. Neutralizing antibody titers against dengue virus correlate with protection from symptomatic infection in a longitudinal cohort. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113: 728–733.
Sabchareon A et al. 2012. Protective efficacy of the recombinant, live-attenuated, CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine in Thai schoolchildren: a randomised, controlled phase 2b trial. Lancet 380: 1559–1567.
Plotkin SA, 2010. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 1055–1065.
Harenberg A et al. 2013. Persistence of Th1/Tc1 responses one year after tetravalent dengue vaccination in adults and adolescents in Singapore. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9: 2317–2325.
Elong Ngono A, Chen HW, Tang WW, Joo Y, King K, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Sette A, Shresta S, 2016. Protective role of cross-reactive CD8 T cells against dengue virus infection. EBioMedicine 13: 284–293.
Weiskopf D, Bangs DJ, Sidney J, Kolla RV, De Silva AD, de Silva AM, Crotty S, Peters B, Sette A, 2015. Dengue virus infection elicits highly polarized CX3CR1+ cytotoxic CD4+ T cells associated with protective immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: E4256–E4263.
Mathew A, Townsley E, Ennis FA, 2014. Elucidating the role of T cells in protection against and pathogenesis of dengue virus infections. Future Microbiol 9: 411–425.
Dayan GH, Galan-Herrera JF, Forrat R, Zambrano B, Bouckenooghe A, Harenberg A, Guy B, Lang J, 2014. Assessment of bivalent and tetravalent dengue vaccine formulations in flavivirus-naive adults in Mexico. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10: 2853–2863.
Hanna-Wakim R, Yasukawa LL, Sung P, Fang M, Sullivan B, Rinki M, DeHovitz R, Arvin AM, Gans HA, 2009. Age-related increase in the frequency of CD4(+) T cells that produce interferon-gamma in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B during childhood. J Infect Dis 200: 1921–1927.
L’Azou M et al. 2018. Dengue seroprevalence: data from the clinical development of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in 14 countries (2005–2014). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 112: 158–168.
Simon AK, Hollander GA, McMichael A, 2015. Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282: 20143085.
Guzman MG, Kouri G, Bravo J, Valdes L, Vazquez S, Halstead SB, 2002. Effect of age on outcome of secondary dengue 2 infections. Int J Infect Dis 6: 118–124.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 74 | 74 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 980 | 139 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 350 | 47 | 1 |