Author:
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Reference Manager
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-
1.
Fayer R, 2004, Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 126: 37–56.
-
2.
Hunter PR, Nichols G, 2002. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 145–154.
-
3.
Bouzid M, Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Tyler KM, 2013. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev 26: 115–134.
-
4.
Current WL, Garcia LS, 1991. Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 4: 325–358.
-
5.
Jelinek T, Lotze M, Eichenlaub S, Löscher T, Nothdurft HD, 1997. Prevalence of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis among international travelers. Gut 41: 801–804.
-
6.
MacKenzie WR et al. 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 331: 161–167.
-
7.
Ryan KJ, Ray CG, 2003. Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 808–810.
-
8.
Sparks H, Nair G, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, White AC, 2015. Treatment of Cryptosporidium: what we know, gaps, and the way forward. Curr Trop Med Rep 2: 181–187.
-
9.
Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK, 2007. Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD004932.
-
10.
The Israeli Ministry of Health, 2011. Update of Second Addition of Nation's Health Command (List of diseases that require announcement). Available at: https://www.health.gov.il/hozer/mr08_2011.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2019.
-
11.
Khurana S, Chaudhary P, 2018. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. Trop Parasitol 8: 2–7.
-
12.
Chalmers RM, Campbell BM, Crouch N, Charlett A, Davies AP, 2011. Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of seven Cryptosporidium assays used in the UK. J Med Microbiol 60: 1598–1604.
-
13.
Stark D, Al-Qassab SE, Barratt JLN, Stanley K, Roberts T, Marriott D, Hardness J, Ellis JT, 2011. Evaluation of multiplex tandem real-time PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in clinical stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 49: 257–262.
-
14.
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ, 2000. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection, and identification. Int J Parasitol 30: 1305–1322.
-
15.
Elgun G, Koltas IS, 2011. Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. antigen by ELISA method in stool specimens obtained from patients with diarrhea. Parasitol Res 108: 395–397.
-
16.
Morgan UM, Pallant L, Dwyer BW, Forbes DA, Rich G, Thompson RCA, 1998. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium in human fecal samples: clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 36: 995–998.
-
17.
Newman RD, Jaeger KL, Wuhib T, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Sears CL, 1993. Evaluation of an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2080–2084.
-
18.
McHardy IH, Wu M, Shimizu-Cohen R, Couturier MR, Humphries RS, 2014. Humphries detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 52: 712–720.
-
19.
Mary C et al. ANOFEL Cryptosporidium National Network, 2013. Multicentric evaluation of a new real-time PCR assay for quantification of Cryptosporidium spp. and identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. J Clin Microbiol 51: 2556–2563.
-
20.
Miron D, Kenes Y, 1990. Cryptosporidiosis in children in Israel. Epidemiology and clinical aspects [article in Hebrew]. Harefuah 118: 315–318.
-
21.
Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ, 2004. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 72–97.
-
22.
Dagan R, Bar-David Y, Kassis IMAD, Sarov B, Greenberg D, Afflalo Y, Katz M, Margolis CZ, El-On J, 1991. Cryptosporidiosis in Bedouin and Jewish infants and children in southern Israel. Isr J Med Sci 27: 380–385.
-
23.
Johnston SP, Ballard MM, Beach MJ, Causer L, Wilkis PP, 2003. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 41: 623–626.
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| Abstract Views | 61 | 61 | 23 |
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The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium among Children Hospitalized because of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and the Efficiency of Diagnostic Methods for Cryptosporidium
Efrat Golan Shaposhnik
Efrat Golan Shaposhnik
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel;
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Said Abozaid
Said Abozaid
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel;
Department of Pediatrics, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel;
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Department of Pediatrics, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel;
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Tamar Grossman
Tamar Grossman
Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel;
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Esther Marva
Esther Marva
Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel;
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Avi On
Avi On
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel;
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel;
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Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel;
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Maya Azrad
Maya Azrad
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel
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Avi Peretz
Avi Peretz
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel;
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel
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Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel
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Cryptosporidium is a parasite that causes watery diarrhea among both children and adults. However, because many physicians do not routinely ask for Cryptosporidium diagnostic test, cryptosporidiosis prevalence is likely underestimated. The current study investigated the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children admitted to the hospital with gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool sample was collected from each child and subjected to routine microbiological culture. Cryptosporidium presence was tested by three different methods: real-time PCR (RT-PCR), quick antigen, and microscopic examination with acid-fast staining. Each positive specimen was further tested with BioFire FilmArray Multiplex PCR (bioMérieux SA, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) to determine that Cryptosporidium is the only pathogen in the sample. Demographic and epidemiological data were collected from the patients’ medical records. Of 291 patient stool samples, nine were positive for Cryptosporidium hominis or Cryptosporidium parvum. The average age of the nine Cryptosporidium-positive cases was 2.3 years, lower than the average age of the study population (4.2 years). Of the positive cases, 66.7% were Arabs and 33.3% were Jews. The main complaint of children with Cryptosporidium was diarrhea. Regarding the laboratory methods for Cryptosporidium identification, of the positive samples, 100% (9/9) were identified by RT-PCR, 88% (8/9) were positive by antigen test, and only 67% (6/9) were positive by microscopic examination with acid-fast staining. Because of the low incidence of Cryptosporidium among patients in our facility, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis still cannot be established. Nevertheless, among the other pathogens found in stool samples, Cryptosporidium is the second leading cause of hospitalization due to gastrointestinal disease in children in our area.
Author Notes
Note: The article is a part of the requirements of the School of Medicine in the Galilee.
Authors’ addresses: Efrat Golan Shaposhnik, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel, E-mail: efrati100@yahoo.com. Said Abozaid, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel, and Department of Pediatrics, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel, E-mail: sabozaid@poria.health.gov.il. Tamar Grossman and Esther Marva, Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel, E-mails: tamar.grossman@moh.gov.il and esther.marva@moh.gov.il. Avi On, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel, and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel, E-mail: aon@poria.health.gov.il. Maya Azrad and Avi Peretz, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel, and Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel, E-mails: mazrad@poria.health.gov.il and aperetz@poria.health.gov.il.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Fayer R, 2004, Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 126: 37–56.
-
2.
Hunter PR, Nichols G, 2002. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 145–154.
-
3.
Bouzid M, Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Tyler KM, 2013. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev 26: 115–134.
-
4.
Current WL, Garcia LS, 1991. Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 4: 325–358.
-
5.
Jelinek T, Lotze M, Eichenlaub S, Löscher T, Nothdurft HD, 1997. Prevalence of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis among international travelers. Gut 41: 801–804.
-
6.
MacKenzie WR et al. 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 331: 161–167.
-
7.
Ryan KJ, Ray CG, 2003. Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 808–810.
-
8.
Sparks H, Nair G, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, White AC, 2015. Treatment of Cryptosporidium: what we know, gaps, and the way forward. Curr Trop Med Rep 2: 181–187.
-
9.
Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK, 2007. Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD004932.
-
10.
The Israeli Ministry of Health, 2011. Update of Second Addition of Nation's Health Command (List of diseases that require announcement). Available at: https://www.health.gov.il/hozer/mr08_2011.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2019.
-
11.
Khurana S, Chaudhary P, 2018. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. Trop Parasitol 8: 2–7.
-
12.
Chalmers RM, Campbell BM, Crouch N, Charlett A, Davies AP, 2011. Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of seven Cryptosporidium assays used in the UK. J Med Microbiol 60: 1598–1604.
-
13.
Stark D, Al-Qassab SE, Barratt JLN, Stanley K, Roberts T, Marriott D, Hardness J, Ellis JT, 2011. Evaluation of multiplex tandem real-time PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in clinical stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 49: 257–262.
-
14.
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ, 2000. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection, and identification. Int J Parasitol 30: 1305–1322.
-
15.
Elgun G, Koltas IS, 2011. Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. antigen by ELISA method in stool specimens obtained from patients with diarrhea. Parasitol Res 108: 395–397.
-
16.
Morgan UM, Pallant L, Dwyer BW, Forbes DA, Rich G, Thompson RCA, 1998. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium in human fecal samples: clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 36: 995–998.
-
17.
Newman RD, Jaeger KL, Wuhib T, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Sears CL, 1993. Evaluation of an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2080–2084.
-
18.
McHardy IH, Wu M, Shimizu-Cohen R, Couturier MR, Humphries RS, 2014. Humphries detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 52: 712–720.
-
19.
Mary C et al. ANOFEL Cryptosporidium National Network, 2013. Multicentric evaluation of a new real-time PCR assay for quantification of Cryptosporidium spp. and identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. J Clin Microbiol 51: 2556–2563.
-
20.
Miron D, Kenes Y, 1990. Cryptosporidiosis in children in Israel. Epidemiology and clinical aspects [article in Hebrew]. Harefuah 118: 315–318.
-
21.
Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ, 2004. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 72–97.
-
22.
Dagan R, Bar-David Y, Kassis IMAD, Sarov B, Greenberg D, Afflalo Y, Katz M, Margolis CZ, El-On J, 1991. Cryptosporidiosis in Bedouin and Jewish infants and children in southern Israel. Isr J Med Sci 27: 380–385.
-
23.
Johnston SP, Ballard MM, Beach MJ, Causer L, Wilkis PP, 2003. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 41: 623–626.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 61 | 61 | 23 |
| Full Text Views | 1064 | 150 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 350 | 42 | 1 |