Authors:
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ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Belperio PS, Rhew DC, 2004. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 116 (Suppl 7A): 27S–43S.
-
2.
Hoffmann CJ, Fielding KL, Johnston V, Charalambous S, Innes C, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Grant AD, Churchyard GJ, 2011. Changing predictors of mortality over time from cART start: implications for care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 58: 269–276.
-
3.
Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Mugusi F, Petraro P, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2007. Iron status is an important cause of anemia in HIV-infected Tanzanian women but is not related to accelerated HIV disease progression. J Nutr 137: 2317–2323.
-
4.
Liu E, Spiegelman D, Semu H, Hawkins C, Chalamilla G, Aveika A, Nyamsangia S, Mehta S, Mtasiwa D, Fawzi W, 2011. Nutritional status and mortality among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. J Infect Dis 204: 282–290.
-
5.
Semba RD, Shah N, Klein RS, Mayer KH, Schuman P, Gardner LI, Vlahov D; HER (Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemiology Research) Study Group, 2001. Highly active antiretroviral therapy associated with improved anemia among HIV-infected women. AIDS Patient Care STDS 15: 473–480.
-
6.
Antelman G, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, Narh R, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130: 1950–1957.
-
7.
Bain BJ, 1999. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of anemia in HIV infection. Curr Opin Hematol 6: 89–93.
-
8.
Weiss G, Goodnough LT, 2005. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med 352: 1011–1023.
-
9.
Isanaka S, Mugusi F, Urassa W, Willett WC, Bosch RJ, Villamor E, Spiegelman D, Duggan C, Fawzi WW, 2012. Iron deficiency and anemia predict mortality in patients with tuberculosis. J Nutr 142: 350–357.
-
10.
Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE, 1998. Anemia and survival in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 19: 29–33.
-
11.
O’Brien ME, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Saathoff E, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2005. Anemia is an independent predictor of mortality and immunologic progression of disease among women with HIV in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40: 219–225.
-
12.
Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Chu SY, Jones JL, Ward JW, 1998. Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of HIV disease surveillance project. Blood 91: 301–308.
-
13.
Harris RJ et al. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration, 2008. Prognostic importance of anaemia in HIV type-1-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy: collaborative analysis of prospective cohort studies. Antivir Ther 13: 959–967.
-
14.
Takuva S, Maskew M, Brennan AT, Sanne I, Macphail AP, Fox MP, 2013. Anemia among HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: improvement in hemoglobin regardless of degree of immunosuppression and the initiating ART regimen. J Trop Med 2013: 162950.
-
15.
Jimenez K, Kulnigg-Dabsch S, Gasche C, 2015. Management of iron deficiency anemia. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 11: 241–250.
-
16.
Drakesmith H, Prentice AM, 2012. Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science 338: 768–772.
-
17.
Nekhai S, Kumari N, Dhawan S, 2013. Role of cellular iron and oxygen in the regulation of HIV-1 infection. Future Virol 8: 301–311.
-
18.
Gordeuk VR, Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, Boelaert JR, 2001. Iron status and the outcome of HIV infection: an overview. J Clin Virol 20: 111–115.
-
19.
Drakesmith H, Prentice A, 2008. Viral infection and iron metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 541–552.
-
20.
United Republic of Tanzania NACPN, 2009. National Guidelines for the Management of HIV and AIDS, 3rd edition. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government of Tanzania.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 2010. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: WHO HIV/AIDS Programme.
-
22.
United Republic of Tanzania NACPN, 2012. National Guidelines for the Management of HIV and AIDS, 3rd edition. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government of Tanzania.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2007. WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related Disease in Adults and Children. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
24.
World Health Organization, 2011. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO . (WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1).
-
25.
Greer JP, Foerster J, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B, Arber DA, Means RT, eds, 2009. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology, 12th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
-
26.
Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, Brester M, Vergis EN, Squier C, Wagener MM, Singh N, 2000. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 133: 21–30.
-
27.
D’Agostino RB, Lee ML, Belanger AJ, Cupples LA, Anderson K, Kannel WB, 1990. Relation of pooled logistic regression to time dependent Cox regression analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. Stat Med 9: 1501–1515.
-
28.
Claster S, 2002. Biology of anemia, differential diagnosis, and treatment options in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 185 (Suppl 2): S105–S109.
-
29.
Andersen P, Gill R, 1982. Cox’s regression model counting process: a large sample study. Ann Stat 10: 1100–1120.
-
30.
Durrleman S, Simon R, 1989. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med 8: 551–561.
-
31.
Govindarajulu US, Spiegelman D, Thurston SW, Ganguli B, Eisen EA, 2007. Comparing smoothing techniques in Cox models for exposure-response relationships. Stat Med 26: 3735–3752.
-
32.
Miettinen OS, 1985. Theoretical Epidemiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
-
33.
Hawkins C, Chalamilla G, Okuma J, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Aris E, Ewald T, Mugusi F, Mtasiwa D, Fawzi W, 2011. Sex differences in antiretroviral treatment outcomes among HIV-infected adults in an urban Tanzanian setting. AIDS 25: 1189–1197.
-
34.
Bussmann H et al. 2008. Five-year outcomes of initial patients treated in Botswana’s National Antiretroviral Treatment Program. AIDS 22: 2303–2311.
-
35.
World Health Organization, 2006. Patient Monitoring Guidelines for HIV Care and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO HIV/AIDS Programme.
-
36.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, 2018. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2018.
-
37.
Trayhurn P, Wood IS, 2005. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 33: 1078–1081.
-
38.
Xu M, Kashanchi F, Foster A, Rotimi J, Turner W, Gordeuk VR, Nekhai S, 2010. Hepcidin induces HIV-1 transcription inhibited by ferroportin. Retrovirology 7: 104.
-
39.
Tussing-Humphreys L, Pusatcioglu C, Nemeth E, Braunschweig C, 2012. Rethinking iron regulation and assessment in iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, and obesity: introducing hepcidin. J Acad Nutr Diet 112: 391–400.
-
40.
Floridia M, Giuliano M, Palmisano L, Vella S, 2008. Gender differences in the treatment of HIV infection. Pharmacol Res 58: 173–182.
-
41.
Clark TD, Semba RD, 2001. Iron supplementation during human immunodeficiency virus infection: a double-edged sword? Med Hypotheses 57: 476–479.
-
42.
McDermid JM, Jaye A, Schim van der Loeff MF, Todd J, Bates C, Austin S, Jeffries D, Awasana AA, Whittlex AA, Prentice A, 2007. Elevated iron status strongly predicts mortality in West African adults with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46: 498–507.
-
43.
Rawat R, Humphrey JH, Ntozini R, Mutasa K, Iliff PJ, Stoltzfus RJ, 2009. Elevated iron stores are associated with HIV disease severity and mortality among postpartum women in Zimbabwe. Public Health Nutr 12: 1321–1329.
-
44.
Steinberg MH, Dreiling BJ, 1983. Microcytosis. Its significance and evaluation. JAMA 249: 85–87.
-
45.
Van Vranken M, 2010. Evaluation of microcytosis. Am Fam Physician 82: 1117–1122.
-
46.
Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB, 2001. Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem. Bull World Health Organ 79: 704–712.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1141 | 623 | 92 |
| Full Text Views | 1640 | 19 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 1024 | 20 | 4 |
Anemia, Iron Deficiency, and Iron Supplementation in Relation to Mortality among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Tanzania
Batool A. Haider
Batool A. Haider
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Donna Spiegelman
Donna Spiegelman
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Ellen Hertzmark
Ellen Hertzmark
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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David Sando
David Sando
Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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Christopher Duggan
Christopher Duggan
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Center for Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Center for Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Abel Makubi
Abel Makubi
Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Christopher Sudfeld
Christopher Sudfeld
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Eric Aris
Eric Aris
Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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Guerino E. Chalamilla
Guerino E. Chalamilla
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
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Wafaie W. Fawzi
Wafaie W. Fawzi
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Anemia in HIV-infected patients improves with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); however, it may still be associated with mortality among patients receiving treatment. We examined the associations of anemia severity and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) at HAART initiation and during monthly prospective follow-up with mortality among 40,657 adult HIV-infected patients receiving HAART in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of anemia severity and IDA at HAART initiation and during follow-up with mortality. A total of 6,261 deaths were reported. Anemia severity at HAART initiation and during follow-up was associated with an increasing risk of mortality (trend tests P < 0.001). There was significantly higher mortality risk associated with IDA at HAART initiation and during follow-up versus no anemia or iron deficiency (both P < 0.001). These associations differed significantly by gender, body mass index, and iron supplement use (all interaction test P < 0.001). The magnitude of association was stronger among men. Mortality risk with severe anemia was 13 times greater versus no anemia among obese patients, whereas it was only two times greater among underweight patients. Higher mortality risk was observed among iron supplement users, irrespective of anemia severity. Anemia and IDA were significantly associated with a higher mortality risk in patients receiving HAART. Iron supplementation indicated an increased mortality risk, and its role in HIV infections should be examined in future studies. Given the low cost of assessing anemia, it can be used frequently to identify high-risk patients in resource-limited settings.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 250 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Harvard School of Public Health and by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania, and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K24HD058795). The funding source had no role in the design, analysis, manuscript writing, or submission for publication.
Deceased.
Authors’ addresses: Batool A. Haider, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: bah201@mail.harvard.edu. Donna Spiegelman, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: stdls@hsph.harvard.edu. Ellen Hertzmark, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: stleh@channing.harvard.edu. David Sando and Eric Aris, Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mails: dms466@mail.harvard.edu and aeric@mdh-tz.org. Christopher Duggan, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Center for Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, E-mail: christopher.duggan@childrens.harvard.edu. Abel Makubi, Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, E-mail: makubi55@gmail.com. Christopher Sudfeld, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: crsudfeld@gmail.com. Guerino E. Chalamilla, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Wafaie W. Fawzi, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: mina@hsph.harvard.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Belperio PS, Rhew DC, 2004. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 116 (Suppl 7A): 27S–43S.
-
2.
Hoffmann CJ, Fielding KL, Johnston V, Charalambous S, Innes C, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Grant AD, Churchyard GJ, 2011. Changing predictors of mortality over time from cART start: implications for care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 58: 269–276.
-
3.
Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Mugusi F, Petraro P, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2007. Iron status is an important cause of anemia in HIV-infected Tanzanian women but is not related to accelerated HIV disease progression. J Nutr 137: 2317–2323.
-
4.
Liu E, Spiegelman D, Semu H, Hawkins C, Chalamilla G, Aveika A, Nyamsangia S, Mehta S, Mtasiwa D, Fawzi W, 2011. Nutritional status and mortality among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. J Infect Dis 204: 282–290.
-
5.
Semba RD, Shah N, Klein RS, Mayer KH, Schuman P, Gardner LI, Vlahov D; HER (Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemiology Research) Study Group, 2001. Highly active antiretroviral therapy associated with improved anemia among HIV-infected women. AIDS Patient Care STDS 15: 473–480.
-
6.
Antelman G, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, Narh R, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130: 1950–1957.
-
7.
Bain BJ, 1999. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of anemia in HIV infection. Curr Opin Hematol 6: 89–93.
-
8.
Weiss G, Goodnough LT, 2005. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med 352: 1011–1023.
-
9.
Isanaka S, Mugusi F, Urassa W, Willett WC, Bosch RJ, Villamor E, Spiegelman D, Duggan C, Fawzi WW, 2012. Iron deficiency and anemia predict mortality in patients with tuberculosis. J Nutr 142: 350–357.
-
10.
Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE, 1998. Anemia and survival in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 19: 29–33.
-
11.
O’Brien ME, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Saathoff E, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2005. Anemia is an independent predictor of mortality and immunologic progression of disease among women with HIV in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40: 219–225.
-
12.
Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Chu SY, Jones JL, Ward JW, 1998. Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of HIV disease surveillance project. Blood 91: 301–308.
-
13.
Harris RJ et al. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration, 2008. Prognostic importance of anaemia in HIV type-1-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy: collaborative analysis of prospective cohort studies. Antivir Ther 13: 959–967.
-
14.
Takuva S, Maskew M, Brennan AT, Sanne I, Macphail AP, Fox MP, 2013. Anemia among HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: improvement in hemoglobin regardless of degree of immunosuppression and the initiating ART regimen. J Trop Med 2013: 162950.
-
15.
Jimenez K, Kulnigg-Dabsch S, Gasche C, 2015. Management of iron deficiency anemia. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 11: 241–250.
-
16.
Drakesmith H, Prentice AM, 2012. Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science 338: 768–772.
-
17.
Nekhai S, Kumari N, Dhawan S, 2013. Role of cellular iron and oxygen in the regulation of HIV-1 infection. Future Virol 8: 301–311.
-
18.
Gordeuk VR, Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, Boelaert JR, 2001. Iron status and the outcome of HIV infection: an overview. J Clin Virol 20: 111–115.
-
19.
Drakesmith H, Prentice A, 2008. Viral infection and iron metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 541–552.
-
20.
United Republic of Tanzania NACPN, 2009. National Guidelines for the Management of HIV and AIDS, 3rd edition. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government of Tanzania.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 2010. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: WHO HIV/AIDS Programme.
-
22.
United Republic of Tanzania NACPN, 2012. National Guidelines for the Management of HIV and AIDS, 3rd edition. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government of Tanzania.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2007. WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related Disease in Adults and Children. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
24.
World Health Organization, 2011. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO . (WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1).
-
25.
Greer JP, Foerster J, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B, Arber DA, Means RT, eds, 2009. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology, 12th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
-
26.
Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, Brester M, Vergis EN, Squier C, Wagener MM, Singh N, 2000. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 133: 21–30.
-
27.
D’Agostino RB, Lee ML, Belanger AJ, Cupples LA, Anderson K, Kannel WB, 1990. Relation of pooled logistic regression to time dependent Cox regression analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. Stat Med 9: 1501–1515.
-
28.
Claster S, 2002. Biology of anemia, differential diagnosis, and treatment options in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 185 (Suppl 2): S105–S109.
-
29.
Andersen P, Gill R, 1982. Cox’s regression model counting process: a large sample study. Ann Stat 10: 1100–1120.
-
30.
Durrleman S, Simon R, 1989. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med 8: 551–561.
-
31.
Govindarajulu US, Spiegelman D, Thurston SW, Ganguli B, Eisen EA, 2007. Comparing smoothing techniques in Cox models for exposure-response relationships. Stat Med 26: 3735–3752.
-
32.
Miettinen OS, 1985. Theoretical Epidemiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
-
33.
Hawkins C, Chalamilla G, Okuma J, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Aris E, Ewald T, Mugusi F, Mtasiwa D, Fawzi W, 2011. Sex differences in antiretroviral treatment outcomes among HIV-infected adults in an urban Tanzanian setting. AIDS 25: 1189–1197.
-
34.
Bussmann H et al. 2008. Five-year outcomes of initial patients treated in Botswana’s National Antiretroviral Treatment Program. AIDS 22: 2303–2311.
-
35.
World Health Organization, 2006. Patient Monitoring Guidelines for HIV Care and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO HIV/AIDS Programme.
-
36.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, 2018. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2018.
-
37.
Trayhurn P, Wood IS, 2005. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 33: 1078–1081.
-
38.
Xu M, Kashanchi F, Foster A, Rotimi J, Turner W, Gordeuk VR, Nekhai S, 2010. Hepcidin induces HIV-1 transcription inhibited by ferroportin. Retrovirology 7: 104.
-
39.
Tussing-Humphreys L, Pusatcioglu C, Nemeth E, Braunschweig C, 2012. Rethinking iron regulation and assessment in iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, and obesity: introducing hepcidin. J Acad Nutr Diet 112: 391–400.
-
40.
Floridia M, Giuliano M, Palmisano L, Vella S, 2008. Gender differences in the treatment of HIV infection. Pharmacol Res 58: 173–182.
-
41.
Clark TD, Semba RD, 2001. Iron supplementation during human immunodeficiency virus infection: a double-edged sword? Med Hypotheses 57: 476–479.
-
42.
McDermid JM, Jaye A, Schim van der Loeff MF, Todd J, Bates C, Austin S, Jeffries D, Awasana AA, Whittlex AA, Prentice A, 2007. Elevated iron status strongly predicts mortality in West African adults with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46: 498–507.
-
43.
Rawat R, Humphrey JH, Ntozini R, Mutasa K, Iliff PJ, Stoltzfus RJ, 2009. Elevated iron stores are associated with HIV disease severity and mortality among postpartum women in Zimbabwe. Public Health Nutr 12: 1321–1329.
-
44.
Steinberg MH, Dreiling BJ, 1983. Microcytosis. Its significance and evaluation. JAMA 249: 85–87.
-
45.
Van Vranken M, 2010. Evaluation of microcytosis. Am Fam Physician 82: 1117–1122.
-
46.
Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB, 2001. Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem. Bull World Health Organ 79: 704–712.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1141 | 623 | 92 |
| Full Text Views | 1640 | 19 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 1024 | 20 | 4 |