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Manandhar S, Bhusal CL, Ghimire U, Singh SP, Karmacharya DB, Dixit SM, 2013. A study on relapse/re-infection rate of Plasmodium vivax malaria and identification of the predominant genotypes of P. vivax in two endemic districts of Nepal. Malar J 12: 324.
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| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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The Investment Case for Malaria Elimination in Thailand: A Cost–Benefit Analysis
Prayuth Sudathip
Prayuth Sudathip
Bureau of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand;
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Darin Kongkasuriyachai
Darin Kongkasuriyachai
Inform Asia: U.S. Agency for International Developments (USAID’s) Health Research Program, Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Rachel Stelmach
Rachel Stelmach
RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Donal Bisanzio
Donal Bisanzio
RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Jeffrey Sine
Jeffrey Sine
RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;
The Palladium Group, Washington, District of Columbia;
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The Palladium Group, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Surasak Sawang
Surasak Sawang
Inform Asia: U.S. Agency for International Developments (USAID’s) Health Research Program, Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Suravadee Kitchakarn
Suravadee Kitchakarn
Bureau of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand;
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David Sintasath
David Sintasath
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Bangkok, Thailand
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Richard Reithinger
Richard Reithinger
RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;
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After a dramatic decline in the annual malaria incidence in Thailand since 2000, the Thai government developed a National Malaria Elimination Strategy (NMES) to end local malaria transmission by 2024. This study examines the expected costs and benefits of funding the NMES (elimination scenario) versus not funding malaria elimination programming (resurgence scenario) from 2017 to 2036. Two case projection approaches were used to measure the number of malaria cases over the study period, combined with a set of Thailand-specific economic assumptions, to evaluate the cost of a malaria case and to quantify the cost–benefit ratio of elimination. Model A projects cases based on national historical case data using a log-normal regression and change-point analysis model. Model B projects cases based on periodic Yala Province-level outbreak cycles and incorporating NMES political and programmatic goals. In the base case, both models predict that elimination would prevent 1.86–3.11 million malaria cases from 2017 to 2036, with full NMES implementation proving to be cost-saving in all models, perspectives, and scenarios, except for the health system–only perspective in the Model A base case and all perspectives in the Model A worst case. From the societal perspective, every 1 US dollars (US$) spent on the NMES would—depending on case projections used—potentially result in a considerable return on investment, ranging from US$ 2 to US$ 15. Although the two case projection approaches resulted in different cost–benefit ratios, both models showed cost savings and suggest that ending local malaria transmission in Thailand would yield a positive return on investment.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 142 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for this cost–benefit analysis was through support provided to the Inform Asia Project (Cooperative Agreement AID-486-LA-15-00002) by the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) via the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the employing organizations or sources of funding.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the employing organizations, USAID, or the U.S. government.
Authors’ addresses: Prayuth Sudathip and Suravadee Kitchakarn, Bureau of Vector-Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand, E-mails: psudathip@gmail.com and kitchakarn@hotmail.com. Darin Kongkasuriyachai and Surasak Sawang, International Development Group, RTI International, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: dkongka@gmail.com and joe_com12@hotmail.com. Rachel Stelmach, Donal Bisanzio, and Richard Reithinger, Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, E-mails: rstelmach@rti.org, dbisanzio@rti.org, and rreithinger@yahoo.co.uk. Jeffrey Sine, The Palladium Group, Washington, DC, E-mail: jeffrey.sine@thepalladiumgroup.com. David Sintasath, U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: dsintasath@usaid.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
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7.
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8.
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9.
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11.
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18.
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-
19.
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20.
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21.
Knoema, 2016. Health Nutrition and Population Statistics: Population Estimates and Projections, 1960–2050. Available at: https://knoema.com/WBPEP2017/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics-population-estimates-and-projections-1960-2050. Accessed June 21, 2017.
-
22.
Attanayake N, Fox-Rushby J, Mills A, 2000. Household costs of ‘malaria’ morbidity: a study in Matale district, Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 5: 595–606.
-
23.
BVBD, 2017. Therapeutic Efficacy Study. Nonthaburi, Thailand: BVBD. (unpublished).
-
24.
Saifi MA, Wajihullah, Siddiqui MI, Al-Khalifa MS, 2010. Malaria: patterns of relapse and resistance. J King Saud Univ Sci 22: 31–36.
-
25.
Manandhar S, Bhusal CL, Ghimire U, Singh SP, Karmacharya DB, Dixit SM, 2013. A study on relapse/re-infection rate of Plasmodium vivax malaria and identification of the predominant genotypes of P. vivax in two endemic districts of Nepal. Malar J 12: 324.
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26.
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27.
Tan-Torres Edejer T, Baltussen R, Adam T, Hutubessy R, Acharya A, Evans DB, Murray CJL, eds, 2003. Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Available at: http://www.who.int/choice/publications/p_2003_generalised_cea.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2018.
-
28.
Vannaphan S, Saengnetswang T, Suwanakut P, Kllangbuakong A, Klinnak W, Rungmatcha P, Looareesuwan S, 2005. The epidemiology of patients with severe malaria who died at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 1991–2004. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36: 385–389.
-
29.
Shretta R, Baral R, Avanceña ALV, Fox K, Dannoruwa AP, Jayanetti R, Premaratne R, 2017. An investment case to prevent the reintroduction of malaria in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 602–615.
-
30.
Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2013. Data Collection Survey on Housing Sector in Thailand: Final Report. Available at: http://dhds.nha.co.th/gisfs/internet/content/620_166_0.pdf. Accessed June 21, 2017.
-
31.
BVBD, 2016. National Malaria Budget. Nonthaburi, Thailand: BVBD.
-
32.
Baingern S, Kongsin S, Silachamroon U, Chamroonsawasdi K, 2011. Activity-based costing of malaria patient admissions (fiscal year 2009), Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand. J Trop Med Parasitol 34: 70–78.
-
33.
International Labour Organization, 2013. Thailand: A Labor Market Profile. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_205099.pdf. Accessed June 21, 2017.
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34.
Dasgupta S, Bhula-or R, Fakthong T, 2015. Earnings Differentials between Formal and Informal Employment in Thailand (ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series). Bangkok, Thailand: International Labor Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_436903.pdf\. Accessed June 22, 2017.
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37.
Pholphirul P, Rukumnuaykit P, Kamlai J, 2013. Do Immigrants Improve Thailand’s Competitiveness? Available at: http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Migration-Productivity.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2018.
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38.
World Travel & Tourism Council, 2018. Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018: Thailand. Available at: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2018/thailand2018.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2018.
-
39.
Shretta R, Avanceña ALV, Hatefi A, 2016. The economics of malaria control and elimination: a systematic review. Malar J 15: 593.
-
40.
Shretta R et al. 2017. An Investment Case for Eliminating Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion. San Francisco, CA: The Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco.
-
41.
Modrek S, Liu J, Gosling R, Feachem RG, 2012. The economic benefits of malaria elimination: do they include increases in tourism? Malar J 11: 244.
-
42.
Maartens F, Sharp B, Curtis B, Mthembu J, Hatting I, 2007. The impact of malaria control on perceptions of tourists and tourism operators concerning malaria prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, 1999/2000 versus 2002/2003. J Travel Med 14: 96–104.
-
43.
Rittichainuwat BN, Chakraborty G, 2009. Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: the case of Thailand. Tourism Manag 30: 410–418.
-
44.
Bleakely H, 2010. Malaria eradication in the Americas: a retrospective analysis of childhood exposure. Am Econ J Appl Econ 2: 1–45.
-
45.
Lucas AM, 2010. Malaria eradication and educational attainment: evidence from Paraguay and Sri Lanka. Am Econ J Appl Econ 2: 46–71.
-
46.
Cutler D, Fung W, Kremer M, Singhal M, Vogl T, 2010. Early-life malaria exposure and adult outcomes: evidence from malaria eradication in India. Am Econ J Appl Econ 2: 72–94.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 146 | 146 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 1060 | 191 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 379 | 67 | 2 |