ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/tech/epi.html. Accessed November 12, 2018.
-
2.
Calisher CH, 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7: 89–116.
-
3.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
4.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.
-
5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis—New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55: 697–700.
-
6.
Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2012. Arbovirus Surveillance Summary, 2012. Available at: https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/07/us/2012-summary.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2018.
-
7.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
8.
Howard JJ, Morris CD, Emord DE, Grayson MA, 1988. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VII. Virus surveillance 1978–85, description of 1983 outbreak, and series conclusions. J Med Entomol 25: 501–514.
-
9.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 884–890.
-
10.
United States Department of Agriculture, 2018. Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Cases and Surveillance Information. Available at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/horse-disease-information/sa_encephalitis/ct_ee_index. Accessed July 26, 2018.
-
11.
Day JF, Stark LM, 1996. Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978–1993. J Med Entomol 33: 132–139.
-
12.
Vander Kelen PT, Downs JA, Stark LM, Loraamm RW, Anderson JH, Unnasch TR, 2012. Spatial epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis in Florida. Int J Health Geogr 11: 47.
-
13.
Downs J, Vaziri M, Jenkins A, Unnasch T, 2018. Validation of a risk index model for predicting eastern equine encephalitis virus transmission to horses in Florida. J Med Entomol 55: 1143–1149.
-
14.
Tan Y et al. 2018. Large scale complete genome sequencing and phylodynamic analysis of eastern equine encephalitis virus reveal source-sink transmission dynamics in the United States. J Virol JVI.00074-18.
-
15.
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1823–1826.
-
16.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections, 6th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–856.
-
17.
Hayes CG, Wallis RC, 1977. Ecology of Western equine encephalomyelitis in the eastern United States. Adv Virus Res 21: 37–83.
-
18.
Karabatsos N, Lewis AL, Calisher CH, Hunt AR, Roehrig JT, 1988. Identification of Highlands J virus from a Florida horse. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 603–606.
-
19.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018. ArboNet Maps. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/maps/ADB_Diseases_Map/index.html. Accessed November 12, 2018.
-
20.
R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
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21.
Johansson MA, Cummings DA, Glass GE, 2009. Multiyear climate variability and dengue–El Nino southern oscillation, weather, and dengue incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: a longitudinal data analysis. PLoS Med 6: e1000168.
-
22.
Cheng X et al. 2013. Epidemiological dynamics and phylogeography of influenza virus in southern China. J Infect Dis 207: 106–114.
-
23.
Yang L, Wong CM, Lau EH, Chan KP, Ou CQ, Peiris JS, 2008. Synchrony of clinical and laboratory surveillance for influenza in Hong Kong. PLoS One 3: e1399.
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24.
Grenfell BT, Bjornstad ON, Kappey J, 2001. Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics. Nature 414: 716–723.
-
25.
Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Hohna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP, 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61: 539–542.
-
26.
White GS, Pickett BE, Lefkowitz EJ, Johnson AG, Ottendorfer C, Stark LM, Unnasch TR, 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of eastern equine encephalitis virus isolates from Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 709–717.
-
27.
Parker J, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, 2008. Correlating viral phenotypes with phylogeny: accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty. Infect Genet Evol 8: 239–246.
-
28.
Blosser EM, Lord CC, Stenn T, Acevedo C, Hassan HK, Reeves LE, Unnasch TR, Burkett-Cadena ND, 2017. Environmental drivers of seasonal patterns of host utilization by Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida. J Med Entomol 54: 1365–1374.
-
29.
Molaei G et al. 2013. Vector-host interactions and epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Massachusetts. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 312–323.
-
30.
Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Abadam CF, Akaratovic KI, Kiser JP, Andreadis TG, 2015. Vector-host interactions of Culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern Virginia. PLoS One 10: e0136743.
-
31.
Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Graham AC, Kramer LD, Andreadis TG, 2015. Insights into the recent emergence and expansion of eastern equine encephalitis virus in a new focus in the Northern New England USA. Parasit Vectors 8: 516.
-
32.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1140–1147.
-
33.
Nelson DB, Kappus KD, Janowski HT, Buff E, Wellings FM, Schneider HJ, 1983. St. Louis encephalitis - Florida 1977. Patterns of widespread outbreaks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 412–416.
-
34.
Villari P, Spielman A, McDowell M, Komar N, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 8–13.
-
35.
Vander Kelen PT, Downs JA, Unnasch T, Stark L, 2014. A risk index model for predicting eastern equine encephalitis virus transmission to horses in Florida. Appl Geogr 48: 79–86.
-
36.
Vander Kelen PT et al. 2012. Habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission in Walton County Florida. J Med Entomol 49: 746–756.
-
37.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Bingham AM, Hunt B, Morse G, Unnasch TR, 2015. Ecology of Culiseta melanura and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Walton County, FL, during winter period 2013–2014. J Med Entomol 52: 1074–1082.
-
38.
Estep LK et al. 2013. Risk of exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus increases with the density of northern cardinals. PLoS One 8: e57879.
-
39.
Sauer JR, Niven DK, Hines JE, Ziolkowski DJ, Pardieck KL, Fallon JE, Link WA, 2017. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015. Version 2.07.2017. Laurel, MD: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
-
40.
Bingham AM, Graham SP, Burkett-Cadena ND, White GS, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2012. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus RNA in North American snakes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1140–1144.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 395 | 325 | 41 |
| Full Text Views | 1224 | 22 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 332 | 17 | 4 |
Complex Epidemiological Dynamics of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Florida
Lea A. Heberlein-Larson
Lea A. Heberlein-Larson
Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Tampa, Florida;
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida;
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Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida;
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Yi Tan
Yi Tan
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Lillian M. Stark
Lillian M. Stark
Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Tampa, Florida;
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Andrew C. Cannons
Andrew C. Cannons
Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Tampa, Florida;
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Meghan H. Shilts
Meghan H. Shilts
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida;
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Suman R. Das
Suman R. Das
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection results in high mortality in infected horses and humans. Florida has been identified as an important source of EEEV epidemics to other states in the United States. In this study, we further characterized the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of EEEV in Florida. Epidemiological analysis of sentinel chicken seroconversion rates to EEEV infections during 2005–2016 suggested significant seasonality of EEEV activity in Florida. We observed significant annual activity of EEEV in the North and North Central regions, with little significant seasonality in the Panhandle region. Phylogenetic analysis of complete EEEV genome sequences from different host sources and regions in Florida during 1986–2014 revealed extensive genetic diversity and spatial dispersal of the virus within Florida and relatively more clustering of the viruses in the Panhandle region. We found no significant association between EEEV genetic variation and host source. Overall, our study revealed a complex epidemiological dynamic of EEEV within Florida, implicating the Panhandle region as a possible source of the virus with sustained year-round transmission. These findings will help in implementing targeted control measures that can have the most impact in reducing or eliminating EEEV and other mosquito-borne viral infections within Florida and in the rest of the United States.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 218 KB)
- Supplemental Materials (XLSX 17 KB)
Author Notes
Retired.
Authors’ addresses: Lea A. Heberlein-Larson, Lillian M. Stark, and Andrew C. Cannons, Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Tampa, FL, E-mails: lea.heberlein-larson@flhealth.gov, lstarkm@aol.com, and andrew.cannons@flhealth.gov. Yi Tan, Meghan H. Shilts, and Suman R. Das, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, E-mails: yi.tan@vumc.org, meghan.h.shilts@vumc.org, and suman.r.das@vanderbilt.edu. Thomas R. Unnasch, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mail: tunnasch@health.usf.edu.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/tech/epi.html. Accessed November 12, 2018.
-
2.
Calisher CH, 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7: 89–116.
-
3.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
4.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.
-
5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis—New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55: 697–700.
-
6.
Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2012. Arbovirus Surveillance Summary, 2012. Available at: https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/07/us/2012-summary.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2018.
-
7.
Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman JA, Lindsey NP, Campbell GL, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
8.
Howard JJ, Morris CD, Emord DE, Grayson MA, 1988. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VII. Virus surveillance 1978–85, description of 1983 outbreak, and series conclusions. J Med Entomol 25: 501–514.
-
9.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 884–890.
-
10.
United States Department of Agriculture, 2018. Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Cases and Surveillance Information. Available at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/horse-disease-information/sa_encephalitis/ct_ee_index. Accessed July 26, 2018.
-
11.
Day JF, Stark LM, 1996. Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978–1993. J Med Entomol 33: 132–139.
-
12.
Vander Kelen PT, Downs JA, Stark LM, Loraamm RW, Anderson JH, Unnasch TR, 2012. Spatial epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis in Florida. Int J Health Geogr 11: 47.
-
13.
Downs J, Vaziri M, Jenkins A, Unnasch T, 2018. Validation of a risk index model for predicting eastern equine encephalitis virus transmission to horses in Florida. J Med Entomol 55: 1143–1149.
-
14.
Tan Y et al. 2018. Large scale complete genome sequencing and phylodynamic analysis of eastern equine encephalitis virus reveal source-sink transmission dynamics in the United States. J Virol JVI.00074-18.
-
15.
Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, Johnson AJ, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT, 2000. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1823–1826.
-
16.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1989. Arboviruses. Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections, 6th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 797–856.
-
17.
Hayes CG, Wallis RC, 1977. Ecology of Western equine encephalomyelitis in the eastern United States. Adv Virus Res 21: 37–83.
-
18.
Karabatsos N, Lewis AL, Calisher CH, Hunt AR, Roehrig JT, 1988. Identification of Highlands J virus from a Florida horse. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 603–606.
-
19.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018. ArboNet Maps. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/maps/ADB_Diseases_Map/index.html. Accessed November 12, 2018.
-
20.
R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
-
21.
Johansson MA, Cummings DA, Glass GE, 2009. Multiyear climate variability and dengue–El Nino southern oscillation, weather, and dengue incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: a longitudinal data analysis. PLoS Med 6: e1000168.
-
22.
Cheng X et al. 2013. Epidemiological dynamics and phylogeography of influenza virus in southern China. J Infect Dis 207: 106–114.
-
23.
Yang L, Wong CM, Lau EH, Chan KP, Ou CQ, Peiris JS, 2008. Synchrony of clinical and laboratory surveillance for influenza in Hong Kong. PLoS One 3: e1399.
-
24.
Grenfell BT, Bjornstad ON, Kappey J, 2001. Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics. Nature 414: 716–723.
-
25.
Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Hohna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP, 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61: 539–542.
-
26.
White GS, Pickett BE, Lefkowitz EJ, Johnson AG, Ottendorfer C, Stark LM, Unnasch TR, 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of eastern equine encephalitis virus isolates from Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 709–717.
-
27.
Parker J, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, 2008. Correlating viral phenotypes with phylogeny: accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty. Infect Genet Evol 8: 239–246.
-
28.
Blosser EM, Lord CC, Stenn T, Acevedo C, Hassan HK, Reeves LE, Unnasch TR, Burkett-Cadena ND, 2017. Environmental drivers of seasonal patterns of host utilization by Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida. J Med Entomol 54: 1365–1374.
-
29.
Molaei G et al. 2013. Vector-host interactions and epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Massachusetts. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 312–323.
-
30.
Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Abadam CF, Akaratovic KI, Kiser JP, Andreadis TG, 2015. Vector-host interactions of Culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern Virginia. PLoS One 10: e0136743.
-
31.
Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Graham AC, Kramer LD, Andreadis TG, 2015. Insights into the recent emergence and expansion of eastern equine encephalitis virus in a new focus in the Northern New England USA. Parasit Vectors 8: 516.
-
32.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1140–1147.
-
33.
Nelson DB, Kappus KD, Janowski HT, Buff E, Wellings FM, Schneider HJ, 1983. St. Louis encephalitis - Florida 1977. Patterns of widespread outbreaks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 412–416.
-
34.
Villari P, Spielman A, McDowell M, Komar N, Timperi RJ, 1995. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 8–13.
-
35.
Vander Kelen PT, Downs JA, Unnasch T, Stark L, 2014. A risk index model for predicting eastern equine encephalitis virus transmission to horses in Florida. Appl Geogr 48: 79–86.
-
36.
Vander Kelen PT et al. 2012. Habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission in Walton County Florida. J Med Entomol 49: 746–756.
-
37.
Burkett-Cadena ND, Bingham AM, Hunt B, Morse G, Unnasch TR, 2015. Ecology of Culiseta melanura and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Walton County, FL, during winter period 2013–2014. J Med Entomol 52: 1074–1082.
-
38.
Estep LK et al. 2013. Risk of exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus increases with the density of northern cardinals. PLoS One 8: e57879.
-
39.
Sauer JR, Niven DK, Hines JE, Ziolkowski DJ, Pardieck KL, Fallon JE, Link WA, 2017. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015. Version 2.07.2017. Laurel, MD: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
-
40.
Bingham AM, Graham SP, Burkett-Cadena ND, White GS, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2012. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus RNA in North American snakes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1140–1144.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 395 | 325 | 41 |
| Full Text Views | 1224 | 22 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 332 | 17 | 4 |