ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2018. Onchocerciasis. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/. Accessed January 4, 2019.
-
2.
WHO, 2016. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2015–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91: 505–514.
-
3.
Lipner EM, Law MA, Barnett E, Keystone JS, von Sonnenburg F, Loutan L, Prevots DR, Klion AD, Nutman TB; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2007. Filariasis in travelers presenting to the GeoSentinel surveillance network. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e88.
-
4.
Norman FF, Pérez de Ayala A, Pérez-Molina J-A, Monge-Maillo B, Zamarrón P, López-Vélez R, 2010. Neglected tropical diseases outside the tropics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e762.
-
5.
Enk CD et al. 2003. Onchocerciasis among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 5: 485–488.
-
6.
Herrick JA, Metenou S, Makiya MA, Taylar-Williams CA, Law MA, Klion AD, Nutman TB, 2015. Eosinophil-associated processes underlie differences in clinical presentation of loiasis between temporary residents and those indigenous to Loa-endemic areas. Clin Infect Dis 60: 55–63.
-
7.
Klion AD, Massougbodji A, Sadeler BC, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. Loiasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: immunologically mediated differences in clinical presentation. J Infect Dis 163: 1318–1325.
-
8.
Nutman TB, Miller KD, Mulligan M, Ottesen EA, 1986. Loa loa infection in temporary residents of endemic regions: recognition of a hyperresponsive syndrome with characteristic clinical manifestations. J Infect Dis 154: 10–18.
-
9.
Dissanayake S, 2001. In Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis, asymptomatic microfilaraemia does not progress to amicrofilaraemic lymphatic disease. Int J Epidemiol 30: 394–399.
-
10.
McCarthy JS, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1994. Onchocerciasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: differences in clinical presentation and immunologic findings. J Infect Dis 170: 736–741.
-
11.
Antinori S, Parravicini C, Galimberti L, Tosoni A, Giunta P, Galli M, Corbellino M, Ridolfo AL, 2017. Is imported onchocerciasis a truly rare entity? Case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis 16: 11–17.
-
12.
Pryce D, Behrens R, Davidson R, Chiodini P, Bryceson A, McLeod J, 1992. Onchocerciasis in members of an expedition to Cameroon: role of advice before travel and long term follow up. BMJ 304: 1285–1286.
-
13.
Smit AM, Zuidema PJ, 1973. Onchocerciasis imported in The Netherlands; a review of 100 cases. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 117: 1225–1230.
-
14.
Woodruff AW, Bell S, Ridley DS, Schofield FD, 1958. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52: 97–108.
-
15.
Baum S, Greenberger S, Pavlotsky F, Solomon M, Enk CD, Schwartz E, Barzilai A, 2014. Late-onset onchocercal skin disease among Ethiopian immigrants. Br J Dermatol 171: 1078–1083.
-
16.
Remme J, Dadzie KY, Rolland A, Thylefors B, 1989. Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. I. West African savanna. Trop Med Parasitol 40: 340–347.
-
17.
Murdoch ME, Asuzu MC, Hagan M, Makunde WH, Ngoumou P, Ogbuagu KF, Okello D, Ozoh G, Remme J, 2002. Onchocerciasis: the clinical and epidemiological burden of skin disease in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 283–296.
-
18.
Duke BO, 1981. Geographical aspects of onchocerciasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 61: 179–186.
-
19.
WHO, 1987. WHO Expert Committee on Onchocerciasis: [Geneva, 21–29 April 1986): Third Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
20.
Choi EH, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ, 2003. Genetic variation in immune function and susceptibility to human filariasis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 3: 367–374.
-
21.
Henry NL, Law M, Nutman TB, Klion AD, 2001. Onchocerciasis in a nonendemic population: clinical and immunologic assessment before treatment and at the time of presumed cure. J Infect Dis 183: 512–516.
-
22.
More SJ, Copeman DB, 1990. A highly specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Parasitol 41: 403–406.
-
23.
Ottesen EA, Weller PF, Lunde MN, Hussain R, 1982. Endemic filariasis on a Pacific island. II. Immunologic aspects: immunoglobulin, complement, and specific antifilarial IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 953–961.
-
24.
Kubofcik J, Fink DL, Nutman TB, 2012. Identification of Wb123 as an early and specific marker of Wuchereria bancrofti infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1930.
-
25.
Klion AD, Vijaykumar A, Oei T, Martin B, Nutman TB, 2003. Serum immunoglobulin G4 antibodies to the recombinant antigen, Ll‐SXP‐1, are highly specific for Loa loa infection. J Infect Dis 187: 128–133.
-
26.
Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li BW, Mearns G, Lobos E, Nutman TB, 2000. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 182: 1796–1799.
-
27.
Makiya MA, Herrick JA, Khoury P, Prussin CP, Nutman TB, Klion AD, 2014. Development of a suspension array assay in multiplex for the simultaneous measurement of serum levels of four eosinophil granule proteins. J Immunol Methods 411: 11–22.
-
28.
Nozais JP, Caumes E, Datry A, Bricaire F, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1997. Apropos of 5 new cases of onchocerciasis edema [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90: 335–338.
-
29.
Ezzedine K, Malvy D, Dhaussy I, Steels E, Castelein C, De Dobbeler G, Heenen M, 2006. Onchocerciasis-associated limb swelling in a traveler returning from Cameroon. J Trav Med 13: 50–53.
-
30.
WHO, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its control. Report of a WHO expert committee on onchocerciasis control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 852: 1–104.
-
31.
Eberhard ML, Dickerson JW, Tsang VC, Walker EM, Ottesen EA, Chandrashekar R, Weil GJ, Trpis M, Strobert E, Constantinidis I, 1995. Onchocerca volvulus: parasitologic and serologic responses in experimentally infected chimpanzees and mangabey monkeys. Exp Parasitol 80: 454–462.
-
32.
Taylor HR, Trpis M, Cupp EW, Brotman B, Newland HS, Soboslay PT, Greene BM, 1988. Ivermectin prophylaxis against experimental Onchocerca volvulus infection in chimpanzees. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 86–90.
-
33.
GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, 2016. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1603–1658.
-
34.
Fink DL, Kamgno J, Nutman TB, 2011. Rapid molecular assays for specific detection and quantitation of Loa loa microfilaremia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1299.
-
35.
D’Ambrosio MV et al. 2015. Point-of-care quantification of blood-borne filarial parasites with a mobile phone microscope. Sci Transl Med 7: 286re4.
-
36.
Kamgno J et al. 2017. A test-and-not-treat strategy for onchocerciasis in Loa loa-endemic areas. N Engl J Med 377: 2044–2052.
-
37.
Saint André Av et al. 2002. The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness. Science 295: 1892–1895.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 400 | 297 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 780 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 160 | 17 | 0 |
Differences in the Clinical and Laboratory Features of Imported Onchocerciasis in Endemic Individuals and Temporary Residents
Adrienne J. Showler
Adrienne J. Showler
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;
Division of Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
Search for other papers by Adrienne J. Showler in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Division of Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
Search for other papers by Adrienne J. Showler in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Joseph Kubofcik
Joseph Kubofcik
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;
Search for other papers by Joseph Kubofcik in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joseph Kubofcik in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Alessandra Ricciardi
Alessandra Ricciardi
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;
Search for other papers by Alessandra Ricciardi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alessandra Ricciardi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Thomas B. Nutman
Thomas B. Nutman
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;
Search for other papers by Thomas B. Nutman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thomas B. Nutman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Many parasitic infections have different presenting features in endemic individuals (ENDs) and immunologically naive temporary residents (TRs). Temporary residents with loiasis often display acute symptoms and hypereosinophilia, in contrast to a parasite-induced subclinical state in chronically infected ENDs. Few studies have examined differences in ENDs and TRs infected with the related filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus. We identified 40 TRs and 36 ENDs with imported onchocerciasis at the National Institutes of Health between 1976 and 2016. All study subjects received an extensive pretreatment medical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. We performed additional parasite-specific serologic testing on stored patient sera. Asymptomatic infection occurred in 12.5% of TRs and no ENDs (P = 0.06). Papular dermatitis was more common in TRs (47.5% versus 2.7%, P < 0.001), whereas more pigmentation changes occurred in ENDs (41.7% versus 15%, P = 0.01). Only endemic patients reported visual disturbance (13% versus 0%, P = 0.03). One TR (3.3%) had onchocercal eye disease, compared with 22.6% of ENDs (P = 0.053). Absolute eosinophil counts (AECs) were similar in ENDs and TRs (P = 0.5), and one-third of subjects had a normal AEC. Endemic individuals had higher filarial-specific IgG4 and were more likely to be positive for IgG4 antibodies to Ov-16. Temporary residents and ENDs with imported O. volvulus infection presented with different dermatologic manifestations; ocular involvement occurred almost exclusively in ENDs. Unlike Loa loa, clinical differences appear not to be eosinophil-mediated and may reflect chronicity, intensity of infection, or the presence of Wolbachia in O. volvulus.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded entirely by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID.
Authors’ addresses: Adrienne J. Showler, Division of Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, E-mail: adrienne.showler@gunet.georgetown.edu. Joseph Kubofcik, Alessandra Ricciardi, and Thomas B. Nutman, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mails: jkubofcik@niaid.nih.gov, alessandra.ricciardi@nih.gov, and tnutman@niaid.nih.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2018. Onchocerciasis. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/. Accessed January 4, 2019.
-
2.
WHO, 2016. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2015–2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91: 505–514.
-
3.
Lipner EM, Law MA, Barnett E, Keystone JS, von Sonnenburg F, Loutan L, Prevots DR, Klion AD, Nutman TB; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2007. Filariasis in travelers presenting to the GeoSentinel surveillance network. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e88.
-
4.
Norman FF, Pérez de Ayala A, Pérez-Molina J-A, Monge-Maillo B, Zamarrón P, López-Vélez R, 2010. Neglected tropical diseases outside the tropics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e762.
-
5.
Enk CD et al. 2003. Onchocerciasis among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 5: 485–488.
-
6.
Herrick JA, Metenou S, Makiya MA, Taylar-Williams CA, Law MA, Klion AD, Nutman TB, 2015. Eosinophil-associated processes underlie differences in clinical presentation of loiasis between temporary residents and those indigenous to Loa-endemic areas. Clin Infect Dis 60: 55–63.
-
7.
Klion AD, Massougbodji A, Sadeler BC, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. Loiasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: immunologically mediated differences in clinical presentation. J Infect Dis 163: 1318–1325.
-
8.
Nutman TB, Miller KD, Mulligan M, Ottesen EA, 1986. Loa loa infection in temporary residents of endemic regions: recognition of a hyperresponsive syndrome with characteristic clinical manifestations. J Infect Dis 154: 10–18.
-
9.
Dissanayake S, 2001. In Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis, asymptomatic microfilaraemia does not progress to amicrofilaraemic lymphatic disease. Int J Epidemiol 30: 394–399.
-
10.
McCarthy JS, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1994. Onchocerciasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: differences in clinical presentation and immunologic findings. J Infect Dis 170: 736–741.
-
11.
Antinori S, Parravicini C, Galimberti L, Tosoni A, Giunta P, Galli M, Corbellino M, Ridolfo AL, 2017. Is imported onchocerciasis a truly rare entity? Case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis 16: 11–17.
-
12.
Pryce D, Behrens R, Davidson R, Chiodini P, Bryceson A, McLeod J, 1992. Onchocerciasis in members of an expedition to Cameroon: role of advice before travel and long term follow up. BMJ 304: 1285–1286.
-
13.
Smit AM, Zuidema PJ, 1973. Onchocerciasis imported in The Netherlands; a review of 100 cases. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 117: 1225–1230.
-
14.
Woodruff AW, Bell S, Ridley DS, Schofield FD, 1958. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52: 97–108.
-
15.
Baum S, Greenberger S, Pavlotsky F, Solomon M, Enk CD, Schwartz E, Barzilai A, 2014. Late-onset onchocercal skin disease among Ethiopian immigrants. Br J Dermatol 171: 1078–1083.
-
16.
Remme J, Dadzie KY, Rolland A, Thylefors B, 1989. Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. I. West African savanna. Trop Med Parasitol 40: 340–347.
-
17.
Murdoch ME, Asuzu MC, Hagan M, Makunde WH, Ngoumou P, Ogbuagu KF, Okello D, Ozoh G, Remme J, 2002. Onchocerciasis: the clinical and epidemiological burden of skin disease in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 283–296.
-
18.
Duke BO, 1981. Geographical aspects of onchocerciasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 61: 179–186.
-
19.
WHO, 1987. WHO Expert Committee on Onchocerciasis: [Geneva, 21–29 April 1986): Third Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
20.
Choi EH, Nutman TB, Chanock SJ, 2003. Genetic variation in immune function and susceptibility to human filariasis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 3: 367–374.
-
21.
Henry NL, Law M, Nutman TB, Klion AD, 2001. Onchocerciasis in a nonendemic population: clinical and immunologic assessment before treatment and at the time of presumed cure. J Infect Dis 183: 512–516.
-
22.
More SJ, Copeman DB, 1990. A highly specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis. Trop Med Parasitol 41: 403–406.
-
23.
Ottesen EA, Weller PF, Lunde MN, Hussain R, 1982. Endemic filariasis on a Pacific island. II. Immunologic aspects: immunoglobulin, complement, and specific antifilarial IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 953–961.
-
24.
Kubofcik J, Fink DL, Nutman TB, 2012. Identification of Wb123 as an early and specific marker of Wuchereria bancrofti infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1930.
-
25.
Klion AD, Vijaykumar A, Oei T, Martin B, Nutman TB, 2003. Serum immunoglobulin G4 antibodies to the recombinant antigen, Ll‐SXP‐1, are highly specific for Loa loa infection. J Infect Dis 187: 128–133.
-
26.
Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li BW, Mearns G, Lobos E, Nutman TB, 2000. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 182: 1796–1799.
-
27.
Makiya MA, Herrick JA, Khoury P, Prussin CP, Nutman TB, Klion AD, 2014. Development of a suspension array assay in multiplex for the simultaneous measurement of serum levels of four eosinophil granule proteins. J Immunol Methods 411: 11–22.
-
28.
Nozais JP, Caumes E, Datry A, Bricaire F, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1997. Apropos of 5 new cases of onchocerciasis edema [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90: 335–338.
-
29.
Ezzedine K, Malvy D, Dhaussy I, Steels E, Castelein C, De Dobbeler G, Heenen M, 2006. Onchocerciasis-associated limb swelling in a traveler returning from Cameroon. J Trav Med 13: 50–53.
-
30.
WHO, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its control. Report of a WHO expert committee on onchocerciasis control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 852: 1–104.
-
31.
Eberhard ML, Dickerson JW, Tsang VC, Walker EM, Ottesen EA, Chandrashekar R, Weil GJ, Trpis M, Strobert E, Constantinidis I, 1995. Onchocerca volvulus: parasitologic and serologic responses in experimentally infected chimpanzees and mangabey monkeys. Exp Parasitol 80: 454–462.
-
32.
Taylor HR, Trpis M, Cupp EW, Brotman B, Newland HS, Soboslay PT, Greene BM, 1988. Ivermectin prophylaxis against experimental Onchocerca volvulus infection in chimpanzees. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 86–90.
-
33.
GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, 2016. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1603–1658.
-
34.
Fink DL, Kamgno J, Nutman TB, 2011. Rapid molecular assays for specific detection and quantitation of Loa loa microfilaremia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1299.
-
35.
D’Ambrosio MV et al. 2015. Point-of-care quantification of blood-borne filarial parasites with a mobile phone microscope. Sci Transl Med 7: 286re4.
-
36.
Kamgno J et al. 2017. A test-and-not-treat strategy for onchocerciasis in Loa loa-endemic areas. N Engl J Med 377: 2044–2052.
-
37.
Saint André Av et al. 2002. The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness. Science 295: 1892–1895.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 400 | 297 | 17 |
| Full Text Views | 780 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 160 | 17 | 0 |