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-
1.
Amazigo UV, Obono M, Dadzie KY, Remme J, Jiya J, Ndyomugyenyi R, Roungou JB, Noma M, Seketeli A, 2002. Monitoring community-directed treatment programmes for sustainability: lessons from the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 1): S75–S92.
-
2.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Richards FO Jr., 2002. Implementing community-directed treatment with ivermectin for the control of onchocerciasis in Uganda (1997–2000): an evaluation. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 61–73.
-
3.
Worrell C, Mathieu E, 2012. Drug coverage surveys for neglected tropical diseases: 10 years of field experience. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 216–222.
-
4.
Amazigo UV, Brieger WR, Katabarwa M, Akogun O, Ntep M, Boatin B, N’Doyo J, Noma M, Seketeli A, 2002. The challenges of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) within the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 1): S41–S58.
-
5.
Yaya G, Kobangué L, Kémata B, Gallé D, Grésenguet G, 2014. Elimination or control of the onchocerciasis in Africa? Case of Gami village in Central African Republic [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 107: 188–193.
-
6.
Mas J et al. 2006. Reduction in the prevalence and intensity of infection in Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae according to ethnicity and community after 8 years of ivermectin treatment on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1082–1091.
-
7.
WHO, 1996. Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin: Report of a Multi-Country Study. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 80.
-
8.
Boatin BA, Richards FO Jr., 2006. Control of onchocerciasis. Adv Parasitol 61: 349–394.
-
9.
Katabarwa M, Habomugisha P, Eyamba A, Agunyo S, Mentou C, 2010. Monitoring ivermectin distributors involved in integrated health care services through community-directed interventions–a comparison of Cameroon and Uganda experiences over a period of three years (2004–2006). Trop Med Int Health 15: 216–223.
-
10.
Lawrence J, Sodahlon YK, Ogoussan KT, Hopkins AD, 2015. Growth, challenges, and solutions over 25 years of Mectizan and the impact on onchocerciasis control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003507.
-
11.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Eyamba A, Byamukama E, Nwane P, Arinaitwe A, Musigire J, Tushemereirwe R, Khainza A, 2016. Community-directed interventions are practical and effective in low-resource communities: experience of ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis control in Cameroon and Uganda, 2004–2010. Int Health 8: 116–123.
-
12.
Richards FO Jr. et al. 2001. The Carter Center’s assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 108–114.
-
13.
Katabarwa NM, Mutabazi D, Richards FO Jr., 2000. Controlling onchocerciasis by community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programmes in Uganda: why do some communities succeed and others fail? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94: 343–352.
-
14.
Salant P, Dillman DA, 1994. How to Conduct Your Own Survey. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
-
15.
Dancey CP, Reidy J, Rowe R, 2012. Statistics for the Health Sciences: A Non-Mathematical Introduction. London, United Kingdom: SAGE.
-
16.
Katabarwa MN, Mutabazi D, 1998. The selection and validation of indicators for monitoring progress towards self-sustainment in community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programmes for onchocerciasis control in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: 859–868.
-
17.
Katabarwa MN, Richards FO Jr., 2001. Community-directed health (CDH) workers enhance the performance and sustainability of CDH programmes: experience from ivermectin distribution in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 275–286.
-
18.
Baker MC, Krotki K, Sankara DP, Trofimovich L, Zoerhoff KL, Courtney L, Chowdhury D, Linehan M, 2013. Measuring treatment coverage for neglected tropical disease control programs: analysis of a survey design. Am J Epidemiol 178: 268–275.
-
19.
Guyer B, Atangana S, 1977. A programme of multiple-antigen childhood immunization in Yaounde, Cameroon: first-year evaluation, 1975–1976. Bull World Health Organ 55: 633–642.
-
20.
Cromwell EA, King JD, McPherson S, Jip FN, Patterson AE, Mosher AW, Evans DS, Emerson PM, 2013. Monitoring of mass distribution interventions for trachoma in Plateau State, Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1995.
-
21.
Dierickx S, Gryseels C, Mwesigwa J, O’Neill S, Bannister-Tyrell M, Ronse M, Jaiteh F, Gerrets R, D’Alessandro U, Grietens KP, 2016. Factors associated with non-participation and non-adherence in directly observed mass drug administration for malaria in the Gambia. PLoS One 11: e0148627.
-
22.
Jin J, Sklar GE, Min Sen Oh V, Chuen Li S, 2008. Factors affecting therapeutic compliance: a review from the patient’s perspective. Ther Clin Risk Manag 4: 269–286.
-
23.
Whitworth JA, Maude GH, Downham MD, 1996. Clinical and parasitological responses after up to 6.5 years of ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Trop Med Int Health 1: 786–793.
-
24.
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO, 2009. Final Communiqué: Fifteenth Session of the Joint Action Forum, Tunis, Tunisia. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: WHO/APOC, 1–8.
-
25.
WHO, 2016. Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
26.
WHO/APOC, 2012. The WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: Progress Report 2012. The World Health Organization Year 2012 Progress Report. September 1, 2011–August 31, 2012. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.
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27.
WHO/APOC, 2010. Conceptual and Operational Framework of Onchocerciasis Elimination with Ivermectin Treatment. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: WHO/African Programme for Onchocerciaisis Control.
-
28.
Burmeister H, Kayembe Kalambayi P, Koulischer G, Oladepo O, Philippon BA, Tarimo E, 2005. Report of the External Evaluation (APOC, WHO). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276000/JAF11.10-eng.pdf.
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29.
UN, 2017. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. New York, NY: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1618 | 1491 | 412 |
| Full Text Views | 534 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 117 | 10 | 0 |
Comparison of Reported and Survey-Based Coverage in Onchocerciasis Programs over a Period of 8 Years in Cameroon and Uganda
Moses N. Katabarwa
Moses N. Katabarwa
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Emily Griswold
Emily Griswold
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Peace Habomugisha
Peace Habomugisha
The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda;
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Albert Eyamba
Albert Eyamba
Odza Center, Yaounde, Cameroon;
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Edson Byamukama
Edson Byamukama
The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda;
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Philippe Nwane
Philippe Nwane
Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et Autres Maladies Tropicales (CRFilMT), Yaounde, Cameroon;
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Annet Khainza
Annet Khainza
The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda;
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Lauri Bernard
Lauri Bernard
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Paul Weiss
Paul Weiss
Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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Frank O. Richards
Frank O. Richards
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin must reach a high treatment coverage (90% of the eligible population) if onchocerciasis is to be eliminated. Questions have been raised as to whether reported treatment figures reaching such high coverage are reliable. Sample surveys are proposed as the method of choice for “validating” reported coverage figures. The purpose of this study was to compare the district-level MDA coverage reported by programs with contemporaneous surveys of randomly selected respondents living in those same districts. Over an 8-year period, 19,219 households were selected using multistage random sampling; 38,433 adult male and female heads of those households were asked about their recent ivermectin MDA treatment experience. District coverage reports were considered “accurate” if they fell within the 95% CIs determined by the corresponding district’s survey. Ninety-eight treatment rounds were evaluated over an 8-year period. Overall, the reported coverage of 96.5% (range: 68–100%) was significantly higher than the 92.5% surveyed coverage (range: 62.1–99.6%, 95% CI: 91.9–93.2%). However, only 20% of districts reported significantly higher coverage than surveys, 68% of district program reports were judged as accurate, and 12% of districts reported significantly lower coverage figures than their corresponding surveys. Eighty-eight percent of districts reported coverage ≥ 90% threshold for success, compared with 97% of surveys that included 90% in their 95% CIs. We conclude that when analyzed statistically at the district level, most surveys verified the reported coverage.
Author Notes
Financial support: The Carter Center and Lions Clubs International Foundation provided financial support for the interviews. Partial support for the MDA program was provided by the African Program for Onchocerciasis Control, and all the medicines were provided by Merck & Co.
Authors’ addresses: Moses N. Katabarwa, Emily Griswold, Lauri Bernard, Paul Weiss, and Frank O. Richards, Health Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: moses.katabarwa@cartercenter.org, emily.griswold@cartercenter.org, lauri.bernard@cartercenter.org, pweiss2@emory.edu, and frank.richards@cartercenter.org. Peace Habomugisha, Edson Byamukama, and Annet Khainza, Health Programs, The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda, E-mails: peace.habo@cartercenter.org, edson.byamukama@cartercenter.org, and annet.khainza@cartercenter.org. Albert Eyamba, Clinic, Odza Center, Yaounde, Cameroon, E-mail: eyamba09@hotmail.fr. Philippe Nwane, Health Program, Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et Autres Maladies Tropicales (CRFilMT), Yaounde, Cameroon, E-mail: philino07@yahoo.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Amazigo UV, Obono M, Dadzie KY, Remme J, Jiya J, Ndyomugyenyi R, Roungou JB, Noma M, Seketeli A, 2002. Monitoring community-directed treatment programmes for sustainability: lessons from the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 1): S75–S92.
-
2.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Richards FO Jr., 2002. Implementing community-directed treatment with ivermectin for the control of onchocerciasis in Uganda (1997–2000): an evaluation. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 61–73.
-
3.
Worrell C, Mathieu E, 2012. Drug coverage surveys for neglected tropical diseases: 10 years of field experience. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 216–222.
-
4.
Amazigo UV, Brieger WR, Katabarwa M, Akogun O, Ntep M, Boatin B, N’Doyo J, Noma M, Seketeli A, 2002. The challenges of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) within the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 1): S41–S58.
-
5.
Yaya G, Kobangué L, Kémata B, Gallé D, Grésenguet G, 2014. Elimination or control of the onchocerciasis in Africa? Case of Gami village in Central African Republic [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 107: 188–193.
-
6.
Mas J et al. 2006. Reduction in the prevalence and intensity of infection in Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae according to ethnicity and community after 8 years of ivermectin treatment on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1082–1091.
-
7.
WHO, 1996. Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin: Report of a Multi-Country Study. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 80.
-
8.
Boatin BA, Richards FO Jr., 2006. Control of onchocerciasis. Adv Parasitol 61: 349–394.
-
9.
Katabarwa M, Habomugisha P, Eyamba A, Agunyo S, Mentou C, 2010. Monitoring ivermectin distributors involved in integrated health care services through community-directed interventions–a comparison of Cameroon and Uganda experiences over a period of three years (2004–2006). Trop Med Int Health 15: 216–223.
-
10.
Lawrence J, Sodahlon YK, Ogoussan KT, Hopkins AD, 2015. Growth, challenges, and solutions over 25 years of Mectizan and the impact on onchocerciasis control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003507.
-
11.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Eyamba A, Byamukama E, Nwane P, Arinaitwe A, Musigire J, Tushemereirwe R, Khainza A, 2016. Community-directed interventions are practical and effective in low-resource communities: experience of ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis control in Cameroon and Uganda, 2004–2010. Int Health 8: 116–123.
-
12.
Richards FO Jr. et al. 2001. The Carter Center’s assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 108–114.
-
13.
Katabarwa NM, Mutabazi D, Richards FO Jr., 2000. Controlling onchocerciasis by community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programmes in Uganda: why do some communities succeed and others fail? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94: 343–352.
-
14.
Salant P, Dillman DA, 1994. How to Conduct Your Own Survey. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
-
15.
Dancey CP, Reidy J, Rowe R, 2012. Statistics for the Health Sciences: A Non-Mathematical Introduction. London, United Kingdom: SAGE.
-
16.
Katabarwa MN, Mutabazi D, 1998. The selection and validation of indicators for monitoring progress towards self-sustainment in community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programmes for onchocerciasis control in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92: 859–868.
-
17.
Katabarwa MN, Richards FO Jr., 2001. Community-directed health (CDH) workers enhance the performance and sustainability of CDH programmes: experience from ivermectin distribution in Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 275–286.
-
18.
Baker MC, Krotki K, Sankara DP, Trofimovich L, Zoerhoff KL, Courtney L, Chowdhury D, Linehan M, 2013. Measuring treatment coverage for neglected tropical disease control programs: analysis of a survey design. Am J Epidemiol 178: 268–275.
-
19.
Guyer B, Atangana S, 1977. A programme of multiple-antigen childhood immunization in Yaounde, Cameroon: first-year evaluation, 1975–1976. Bull World Health Organ 55: 633–642.
-
20.
Cromwell EA, King JD, McPherson S, Jip FN, Patterson AE, Mosher AW, Evans DS, Emerson PM, 2013. Monitoring of mass distribution interventions for trachoma in Plateau State, Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1995.
-
21.
Dierickx S, Gryseels C, Mwesigwa J, O’Neill S, Bannister-Tyrell M, Ronse M, Jaiteh F, Gerrets R, D’Alessandro U, Grietens KP, 2016. Factors associated with non-participation and non-adherence in directly observed mass drug administration for malaria in the Gambia. PLoS One 11: e0148627.
-
22.
Jin J, Sklar GE, Min Sen Oh V, Chuen Li S, 2008. Factors affecting therapeutic compliance: a review from the patient’s perspective. Ther Clin Risk Manag 4: 269–286.
-
23.
Whitworth JA, Maude GH, Downham MD, 1996. Clinical and parasitological responses after up to 6.5 years of ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Trop Med Int Health 1: 786–793.
-
24.
African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO, 2009. Final Communiqué: Fifteenth Session of the Joint Action Forum, Tunis, Tunisia. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: WHO/APOC, 1–8.
-
25.
WHO, 2016. Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
26.
WHO/APOC, 2012. The WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: Progress Report 2012. The World Health Organization Year 2012 Progress Report. September 1, 2011–August 31, 2012. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.
-
27.
WHO/APOC, 2010. Conceptual and Operational Framework of Onchocerciasis Elimination with Ivermectin Treatment. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: WHO/African Programme for Onchocerciaisis Control.
-
28.
Burmeister H, Kayembe Kalambayi P, Koulischer G, Oladepo O, Philippon BA, Tarimo E, 2005. Report of the External Evaluation (APOC, WHO). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276000/JAF11.10-eng.pdf.
-
29.
UN, 2017. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. New York, NY: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1618 | 1491 | 412 |
| Full Text Views | 534 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 117 | 10 | 0 |