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1.
Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, Guerin PJ, Piddock LJ, 2016. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet 387: 176–187.
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Berglund B, 2015. Environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and correlation to anthropogenic contamination with antibiotics. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 5: 28564.
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Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA, 2011. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 355–362.
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Dindal A, McKernan J, 2012. Tech Brief: E. coli and Total Coliform Detection in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. Available at: https://archive.epa.gov/nrmrl/archive-etv/web/pdf/p100eexn.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2017.
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Brown JM, Proum S, Sobsey MD, 2008. Escherichia coli in household drinking water and diarrheal disease risk: evidence from Cambodia. Water Sci Technol 58: 757–763.
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Gomez-Alvarez V, Humrighouse BW, Revetta RP, Santo Domingo JW, 2015. Bacterial composition in a metropolitan drinking water distribution system utilizing different source waters. J Water Health 13: 140–151.
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World Health Organization, Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group, 2015. WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/199350/1/9789241565165%5Feng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed October 25, 2017.
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Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ, 2015. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol 13: 269–284.
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Javaloyas M, Garcia-Somoza D, Gudiol F, 2002. Epidemiology and prognosis of bacteremia: a 10-y study in a community hospital. Scand J Infect Dis 34: 436–441.
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Government of India, 2011. District Census Handbook- Maharashtra. New Dehli, India: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs. Available at: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2017.
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Gronewold AD, Sobsey MD, McMahan L, 2017. The compartment bag test (CBT) for enumerating fecal indicator bacteria: basis for design and interpretation of results. Sci Total Environ 587–588: 102–107.
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Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR, 1991. Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 6823–6831.
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Tartof SY, Solberg OD, Manges AR, Riley LW, 2005. Analysis of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli clonal group by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5860–5864.
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Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in a Maharashtrian Drinking Water System
Swati D. G. Rayasam
Swati D. G. Rayasam
Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California;
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Isha Ray
Isha Ray
Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, California;
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Kirk R. Smith
Kirk R. Smith
Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California;
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Lee W. Riley
Lee W. Riley
Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
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Although access to piped drinking water continues to increase globally, information on the prevalence and clonal composition of coliforms found in piped water systems in low-resource settings remains limited. From June to July 2016, we examined Escherichia coli isolates in domestic water from the distribution system in Alibag, a small town in India. We analyzed the isolates for drug resistance and genotyped them by multilocus sequence typing. Of 147 water samples, 51 contained coliforms, and 19 (37%) of the 51 were biochemically confirmed to contain E. coli. These samples contained 104 E. coli isolates—all resistant to ampicillin. Resistance to ceftazidime was observed in 52 (50%) isolates, cefotaxime in 59 (57%), sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim in 46 (44%), ciprofloxacin in 30 (29%), and gentamicin in two (2%). Thirty-eight (36%) belonged to sequence types recognized as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC); 19 (50%) of these 38 ExPEC belonged to known uropathogenic E. coli lineages. This exploratory field research shows the extent to which “improved” drinking water is a potential source of E. coli strains capable of causing extraintestinal infections.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by grants from the Obama-Singh Knowledge Initiative and the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health.
Authors’ addresses: Swati D. G. Rayasam and Kirk R. Smith, Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mails: srayasam@berkeley.edu and krksmith@berkeley.edu. Isha Ray, Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mail: isharay@berkeley.edu. Lee W. Riley, Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mail: lwriley@berkeley.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, Guerin PJ, Piddock LJ, 2016. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet 387: 176–187.
-
2.
Berglund B, 2015. Environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and correlation to anthropogenic contamination with antibiotics. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 5: 28564.
-
3.
Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA, 2011. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 355–362.
-
4.
WHO/UNICEF, 2016. 2016 Annual Report. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water, Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP).
-
5.
Dindal A, McKernan J, 2012. Tech Brief: E. coli and Total Coliform Detection in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. Available at: https://archive.epa.gov/nrmrl/archive-etv/web/pdf/p100eexn.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2017.
-
6.
Brown JM, Proum S, Sobsey MD, 2008. Escherichia coli in household drinking water and diarrheal disease risk: evidence from Cambodia. Water Sci Technol 58: 757–763.
-
7.
Gomez-Alvarez V, Humrighouse BW, Revetta RP, Santo Domingo JW, 2015. Bacterial composition in a metropolitan drinking water distribution system utilizing different source waters. J Water Health 13: 140–151.
-
8.
Revetta RP, Gomez-Alvarez V, Gerke TL, Santo Domingo JW, Ashbolt NJ, 2016. Changes in bacterial composition of biofilm in a metropolitan drinking water distribution system. J Appl Microbiol 121: 294–305.
-
9.
World Health Organization, Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group, 2015. WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/199350/1/9789241565165%5Feng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed October 25, 2017.
-
10.
Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ, 2015. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol 13: 269–284.
-
11.
Javaloyas M, Garcia-Somoza D, Gudiol F, 2002. Epidemiology and prognosis of bacteremia: a 10-y study in a community hospital. Scand J Infect Dis 34: 436–441.
-
12.
Government of India, 2011. District Census Handbook- Maharashtra. New Dehli, India: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs. Available at: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2017.
-
13.
Gronewold AD, Sobsey MD, McMahan L, 2017. The compartment bag test (CBT) for enumerating fecal indicator bacteria: basis for design and interpretation of results. Sci Total Environ 587–588: 102–107.
-
14.
Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR, 1991. Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 6823–6831.
-
15.
Tartof SY, Solberg OD, Manges AR, Riley LW, 2005. Analysis of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli clonal group by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5860–5864.
-
16.
CLSI, 2016. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 26th ed. CLSI supplement M100S. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
17.
StataCorp, 2013. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 85 | 85 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 1039 | 125 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 277 | 37 | 0 |