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Reference Manager
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1.
WHO, 2017. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 49: 749–760.
-
2.
Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR, Shah SM, McManus DP, 2007. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 218–224.
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3.
Rocha MO, Rocha RL, Pedroso ER, Greco DB, Ferreira CS, Lambertucci JR, Katz N, Rocha RS, Rezende DF, Neves J, 1995. Pulmonary manifestations in the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 37: 311–318.
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4.
Schwartz E, Rozenman J, Perelman M, 2000. Pulmonary manifestations of early schistosome infection among nonimmune travelers. Am J Med 15: 718–722.
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Lambertucci JR, 2010. Acute schistosomiasis mansoni: revisited and reconsidered. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 105: 422–435.
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Nguyen LQ, Estrella J, Jett EA, Grunvald EL, Nicholson L, Levin DL, 2006. Acute schistosomiasis in nonimmune travelers: chest CT findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenology 186: 1300–1303.
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7.
Osakunor DNM, Woolhouse MEJ, Mutapi F, 2018. Paediatric schistosomiasis: what we know and what we need to know. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006144.
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8.
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH, 2014. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383: 2253–2264.
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Italian Senate, 2018. Immigrazione. Elementi introduttivi. [Immigration. Introductory elements]. Rome, Italy: Italian Senate. Italian. Available at: http://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/17/DOSSIER/1000651/index.html?part=dossier_dossier1& parse=si. Accessed April 17, 2018.
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10.
Gobbi F et al. 2017. Pulmonary nodules in African migrants caused by chronic schistosomiasis. Lancet Infect Dis 17: e159–e165.
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11.
Coron N, Le Govic Y, Kettani S, Pihet M, Hemery S, de Gentile L, Chabasse D, 2016. Early detection of schistosoma egg-induced pulmonary granulomas in a returning traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 611–614.
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12.
Kane CA, Most H, 1948. Schistosomiasis of the central nervous system; experiences in World War II and a review of the literature. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 59: 141–183.
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13.
Papamatheakis DG, Mocumbi AO, Kim NH, Mandel J, 2014. Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 4: 596–611.
-
14.
Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, 1970. Pathogenesis of schistosomal pulmonary arteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 305–310.
-
15.
Faust EC, 1948. An inquiry into the ectopic lesions in schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28: 175–199.
-
16.
Bonnefond et al. 2019. Early complicated schistosomiasis in a returning traveler: key contribution of new molecular diagnostic methods CMI. Int J Infect Dis 79: 72–74.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Restaging Pulmonary Schistosomiasis
Federico Gobbi
Federico Gobbi
Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;
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Dora Buonfrate
Dora Buonfrate
Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;
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Andrea Angheben
Andrea Angheben
Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;
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Zeno Bisoffi
Zeno Bisoffi
Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;
Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Schistosomiasis is traditionally classified into an acute and a chronic phase, although a precise temporal distinction between the two phases has not been established. Lung involvement can be observed in both phases. We previously reported seven cases of pulmonary lesions due to chronic schistosomiasis in African immigrants. All cases were documented with CT scans and demonstrated complete resolution after treatment with praziquantel. Moreover, another case showed spontaneous disappearance of the nodule before treatment with praziquantel. These findings are similar to those observed in the acute phase of schistosomiasis, with well-defined or ground glass nodules that resolve spontaneously. According to these findings, we postulate the presence of an “intermediate” phase of schistosomiasis involving the lungs that can be defined as an “early chronic phase,” and presents analogies to the acute phase. We also hypothesize that in the “early chronic phase,” the female worms transit through the lungs where they may lay eggs. These passages not only cause transient, but also radiologically visible alterations. The pathophysiology of lung lesions in the late chronic phase is probably different: the adult worms settled in the mesenteric plexuses produce eggs for years. The eggs repeatedly migrate to the perialveolar capillary beds via portal-caval shunting. Thus, in this case it is the eggs and not the adult worms that reach the lungs in a scattered way. Based on our findings, we suggest the alternative hypothesis that the pulmonary involvement is a phase of the natural evolution of the infection, both from Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Federico Gobbi, Dora Buonfrate, and Andrea Angheben, Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy, E-mails: federico.gobbi@sacrocuore.it, dora.buonfrate@sacrocuore.it, and andrea.angheben@sacrocuore.it. Zeno Bisoffi, Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy, and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, E-mail: zeno.bisoffi@sacrocuore.it.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2017. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 49: 749–760.
-
2.
Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR, Shah SM, McManus DP, 2007. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 218–224.
-
3.
Rocha MO, Rocha RL, Pedroso ER, Greco DB, Ferreira CS, Lambertucci JR, Katz N, Rocha RS, Rezende DF, Neves J, 1995. Pulmonary manifestations in the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 37: 311–318.
-
4.
Schwartz E, Rozenman J, Perelman M, 2000. Pulmonary manifestations of early schistosome infection among nonimmune travelers. Am J Med 15: 718–722.
-
5.
Lambertucci JR, 2010. Acute schistosomiasis mansoni: revisited and reconsidered. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 105: 422–435.
-
6.
Nguyen LQ, Estrella J, Jett EA, Grunvald EL, Nicholson L, Levin DL, 2006. Acute schistosomiasis in nonimmune travelers: chest CT findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenology 186: 1300–1303.
-
7.
Osakunor DNM, Woolhouse MEJ, Mutapi F, 2018. Paediatric schistosomiasis: what we know and what we need to know. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006144.
-
8.
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH, 2014. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383: 2253–2264.
-
9.
Italian Senate, 2018. Immigrazione. Elementi introduttivi. [Immigration. Introductory elements]. Rome, Italy: Italian Senate. Italian. Available at: http://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/17/DOSSIER/1000651/index.html?part=dossier_dossier1& parse=si. Accessed April 17, 2018.
-
10.
Gobbi F et al. 2017. Pulmonary nodules in African migrants caused by chronic schistosomiasis. Lancet Infect Dis 17: e159–e165.
-
11.
Coron N, Le Govic Y, Kettani S, Pihet M, Hemery S, de Gentile L, Chabasse D, 2016. Early detection of schistosoma egg-induced pulmonary granulomas in a returning traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 611–614.
-
12.
Kane CA, Most H, 1948. Schistosomiasis of the central nervous system; experiences in World War II and a review of the literature. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 59: 141–183.
-
13.
Papamatheakis DG, Mocumbi AO, Kim NH, Mandel J, 2014. Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 4: 596–611.
-
14.
Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, 1970. Pathogenesis of schistosomal pulmonary arteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 305–310.
-
15.
Faust EC, 1948. An inquiry into the ectopic lesions in schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28: 175–199.
-
16.
Bonnefond et al. 2019. Early complicated schistosomiasis in a returning traveler: key contribution of new molecular diagnostic methods CMI. Int J Infect Dis 79: 72–74.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1797 | 1562 | 361 |
| Full Text Views | 1106 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 307 | 11 | 0 |