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1.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/. Accessed January 9, 2018.
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World Health Organization, 2012. T3: Test. Treat. Track. Scaling up Diagnostic Testing, Treatment and Surveillance for Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/test_treat_track_brochure.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2018.
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World Health Organization, 2017. World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/. Accessed January 9, 2018.
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Shillcutt S, Morel C, Goodman C, Coleman P, Bell D, Whitty CJM, Mills A, 2008. Cost-effectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combination therapy. Bull World Health Organ 86: 101–110.
-
5.
Ansah EK, Epokor M, Whitty CJM, Yeung S, Hansen KS, 2013. Cost-effectiveness analysis of introducing RDTs for malaria diagnosis as compared to microscopy and presumptive diagnosis in central and peripheral public health facilities in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 724–736.
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6.
Batwala V, Magnussen P, Nuwaha F, 2010. Are rapid diagnostic tests more accurate in diagnosis of plasmodium falciparum malaria compared to microscopy at rural health centres? Malar J 9: 1–8.
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7.
De Oliveira AM et al. 2009. Performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests as part of routine malaria case management in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 470–474.
-
8.
Azikiwe CCA, Ifezulike CC, Siminialayi IM, Amazu LU, Enye JC, Nwakwunite OE, 2012. A comparative laboratory diagnosis of malaria: microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test kits. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 307–310.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2017. WHO-FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/rdt-evaluation-programme/en/. Accessed November 20, 2017.
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10.
World Health Organization, 2017. Lot Testing: Pre and Post-Purchase. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/evaluation-lot-testing/en/. Accessed November 20, 2017.
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11.
World Health Organization, 2016. Positive Control Wells. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/positive-control-wells/en/. Accessed November 20, 2017.
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12.
Manyando C, Njunju EM, Chileshe J, Siziya S, Shiff C, 2014. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and health workers’ adherence to test results at health facilities in Zambia. Malar J 13: 1–8.
-
13.
Chinkhumba J, Skarbinski J, Chilima B, Campbell C, Ewing V, San Joaquin M, Sande J, Ali D, Mathanga D, 2010. Comparative field performance and adherence to test results of four malaria rapid diagnostic tests among febrile patients more than five years of age in Blantyre, Malawi. Malar J 9: 1–9.
-
14.
Akagbosu C, 2013. Review of Adherence to Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Different Health Care Settings. Master’s Thesis. Boston, MA: Boston University. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12040. Accessed December 13, 2018.
-
15.
Kabaghe AN, Visser BJ, Spijker R, Phiri KS, Grobusch MP, van Vugt M, 2016. Health workers’ compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 15: 1–11.
-
16.
Hawkes M, Katsuva J, Masumbuko CK, 2009. Use and limitations of malaria rapid diagnostic testing by community health workers in war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 8: 1–8.
-
17.
Harvey SA, Jennings L, Chinyama M, Masaninga F, Mulholland K, Bell DR, 2008. Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training. Malar J 7: 1–12.
-
18.
Ruizendaal E, Dierickx S, Peeters Grietens K, Schallig HDFH, Pagnoni F, Mens PF, 2014. Success or failure of critical steps in community case management of malaria with rapid diagnostic tests: a systematic review. Malar J 13: 1–17.
-
19.
Eliades MJ, Alombah F, Wun J, Burnett S, Martin T, Kutumbakana S, Dena R, Saye R, Lim P, Hamilton P, 2019. Operational considerations and costs of malaria case management supportive supervision. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 861–867.
-
20.
Burnett S, Wun J, Evance I, Davis K, Smith G, Lussiana C, Tesha G, Quao A, Robertson M, Hamilton P, 2019. Introduction of an electronic tool for improved data quality and data use during malaria case management supportive supervision. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 889–898.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 836 | 667 | 210 |
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| PDF Downloads | 247 | 13 | 0 |
Effect of Supportive Supervision on Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Sub-Saharan Africa
M. James Eliades
M. James Eliades
Malaria, Asia: Population Services International, Yangon, Myanmar;
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York;
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President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York;
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Jolene Wun
Jolene Wun
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Sarah M. Burnett
Sarah M. Burnett
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Fozo Alombah
Fozo Alombah
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Felicia Amoo-Sakyi
Felicia Amoo-Sakyi
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Accra, Ghana;
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Petros Chirambo
Petros Chirambo
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, Medical Care Development International, Lilongwe, Malawi;
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Goodluck Tesha
Goodluck Tesha
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Kelly M. Davis
Kelly M. Davis
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Paul Hamilton
Paul Hamilton
President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are one of the primary tools used for parasitological confirmation of suspected cases of malaria. To ensure accurate results, health-care workers (HCWs) must conduct the RDT test correctly. Trained supervisors visited 3,603 facilities to assess RDT testing performance and conduct outreach training and supportive supervision activities in eight African countries between 2015 and 2017, using a 12-point checklist to determine if key steps were being performed. The proportion of HCWs performing each step correctly improved between 1.1 and 21.0 percentage points between the first and third visits. Health-care worker scores were averaged to calculate facility scores, which were found to be high: the average score across all facilities was 85% during the first visit and increased to 91% during the third visit. A regression analysis of these facility scores estimated that, holding key facility factors equal, facility performance improved by 5.3 percentage points from the first to the second visit (P < 0.001), but performance improved only by 0.6 percentage points (P = 0.10) between the second and third visits. Factors strongly associated with higher scores included the presence of a laboratory worker at the facility and the presence of at least one staff member with previous formal training in malaria RDTs. Findings confirm that a comprehensive quality assurance system of training and supportive supervision consistently, and often significantly, improves RDT performance.
Author Notes
Financial support: Financial support was provided by the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative under the terms of Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-12-00057.
Authors’ addresses: M. James Eliades, Population Services International, Yangon, Myanmar, E-mail: jeliades@psi.org. Jolene Wun, Sarah M. Burnett, Fozo Alombah, Kelly M. Davis, and Paul Hamilton, President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Washington, DC, E-mails: jwun@path.org, sburnett@path.org, falombah@path.org, kdavis@path.org, and phamilton@path.org. Felicia Amoo-Sakyi, President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Accra, Ghana, E-mail: amoosakyif@gmail.com. Petros Chirambo, Medical Care Development International, Lilongwe, Malawi, E-mail: pchirambo@mcd.org. Goodluck Tesha, President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) MalariaCare Project, PATH, Mwanza, Tanzania, E-mail: gtesha@path.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/. Accessed January 9, 2018.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2012. T3: Test. Treat. Track. Scaling up Diagnostic Testing, Treatment and Surveillance for Malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/test_treat_track_brochure.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2018.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2017. World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/. Accessed January 9, 2018.
-
4.
Shillcutt S, Morel C, Goodman C, Coleman P, Bell D, Whitty CJM, Mills A, 2008. Cost-effectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combination therapy. Bull World Health Organ 86: 101–110.
-
5.
Ansah EK, Epokor M, Whitty CJM, Yeung S, Hansen KS, 2013. Cost-effectiveness analysis of introducing RDTs for malaria diagnosis as compared to microscopy and presumptive diagnosis in central and peripheral public health facilities in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 724–736.
-
6.
Batwala V, Magnussen P, Nuwaha F, 2010. Are rapid diagnostic tests more accurate in diagnosis of plasmodium falciparum malaria compared to microscopy at rural health centres? Malar J 9: 1–8.
-
7.
De Oliveira AM et al. 2009. Performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests as part of routine malaria case management in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 470–474.
-
8.
Azikiwe CCA, Ifezulike CC, Siminialayi IM, Amazu LU, Enye JC, Nwakwunite OE, 2012. A comparative laboratory diagnosis of malaria: microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test kits. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 307–310.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2017. WHO-FIND Malaria RDT Evaluation Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/rdt-evaluation-programme/en/. Accessed November 20, 2017.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2017. Lot Testing: Pre and Post-Purchase. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/evaluation-lot-testing/en/. Accessed November 20, 2017.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2016. Positive Control Wells. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/positive-control-wells/en/. Accessed November 20, 2017.
-
12.
Manyando C, Njunju EM, Chileshe J, Siziya S, Shiff C, 2014. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and health workers’ adherence to test results at health facilities in Zambia. Malar J 13: 1–8.
-
13.
Chinkhumba J, Skarbinski J, Chilima B, Campbell C, Ewing V, San Joaquin M, Sande J, Ali D, Mathanga D, 2010. Comparative field performance and adherence to test results of four malaria rapid diagnostic tests among febrile patients more than five years of age in Blantyre, Malawi. Malar J 9: 1–9.
-
14.
Akagbosu C, 2013. Review of Adherence to Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Different Health Care Settings. Master’s Thesis. Boston, MA: Boston University. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12040. Accessed December 13, 2018.
-
15.
Kabaghe AN, Visser BJ, Spijker R, Phiri KS, Grobusch MP, van Vugt M, 2016. Health workers’ compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 15: 1–11.
-
16.
Hawkes M, Katsuva J, Masumbuko CK, 2009. Use and limitations of malaria rapid diagnostic testing by community health workers in war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 8: 1–8.
-
17.
Harvey SA, Jennings L, Chinyama M, Masaninga F, Mulholland K, Bell DR, 2008. Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training. Malar J 7: 1–12.
-
18.
Ruizendaal E, Dierickx S, Peeters Grietens K, Schallig HDFH, Pagnoni F, Mens PF, 2014. Success or failure of critical steps in community case management of malaria with rapid diagnostic tests: a systematic review. Malar J 13: 1–17.
-
19.
Eliades MJ, Alombah F, Wun J, Burnett S, Martin T, Kutumbakana S, Dena R, Saye R, Lim P, Hamilton P, 2019. Operational considerations and costs of malaria case management supportive supervision. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 861–867.
-
20.
Burnett S, Wun J, Evance I, Davis K, Smith G, Lussiana C, Tesha G, Quao A, Robertson M, Hamilton P, 2019. Introduction of an electronic tool for improved data quality and data use during malaria case management supportive supervision. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 889–898.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 836 | 667 | 210 |
| Full Text Views | 1014 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 247 | 13 | 0 |