Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F, 2015. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 136: E359–E386.
-
2.
Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP, 2014. Colorectal cancer. Lancet 26: 1490–1502.
-
3.
Collins D, Hogan AM, Winter DC, 2011. Microbial and viral pathogens in colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 12: 504–512.
-
4.
Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S, 2016. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 4: e609–e616.
-
5.
IARC, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1994. Infection with schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 61: 45–119.
-
6.
Hamid HKS, Mustafa YM, 2012. The role of infectious agents in colorectal carcinogenesis. Ettarh R, ed. Colorectal Cancer Biology–From Genes to Tumor. Rijeka, Croatia: INTECH Publisher, 341–374.
-
7.
Ishii A, Matsuoka H, Aji T, Ohta N, Arimoto S, Wataya Y, Hayatsu H, 1994. Parasite infection and cancer: with special emphasis on Schistosoma japonicum infections (Trematoda). A review. Mutat Res 305: 273–281.
-
8.
Johansen MV, Bogh HO, Nansen P, Christensen NO, 2000. Schistosoma japonicum infection in the pig as a model for human schistosomiasis japonica. Acta Trop 76: 85–99.
-
9.
Zhao ES, 1981. Cancer of the colon and schistosomiasis. J R Soc Med 74: 645.
-
10.
Xu Z, Su D, 1984. Schistosoma japonicum and colorectal cancer: an epidemiological study in the People’s Republic of China. Int J Cancer 34: 315–318.
-
11.
Chen MG, 2014. Assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Infect Dis Poverty 3: 6.
-
12.
Chen J, Campbell TC, Li J, Peto R, 1990. Diet, Life-Style, and Mortality in China. A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
13.
Guo W, Zheng W, Li JY, Chen JS, Blot WJ, 1993. Correlations of colon cancer mortality with dietary factors, serum markers, and schistosomiasis in China. Nutr Cancer 20: 13–20.
-
14.
Inaba Y, 1984. A cohort study on the causes of death in an endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica in Japan. Ann Acad Med Singapore 13: 142–148.
-
15.
Mayer DA, Fried B, 2007. The role of helminth infections in carcinogenesis. Muller R, Rollinson D, Hay SI, eds. Advances in Parasitology, Vol. 65. London: Academic Press, 239–296.
-
16.
Qiu DC, Hubbard AE, Zhong B, Zhang Y, Spear RC, 2005. A matched, case control study of the association between Schistosoma japonicum and liver and colon cancers, in rural China. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 47–52.
-
17.
Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, McManus DP, 2002. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med 346: 1212–1220.
-
18.
Gryseels B, 2012. Schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26: 383–397.
-
19.
Olveda RM, 2001. Disease in schistosomiasis japonica. Mahmoud AA, ed. Schistosomiasis, Vol. 10. London: Emperial College Press, 361–389.
-
20.
Willingham AL 3rd, Hurst M, Bøgh HO, Johansen MV, Lindberg R, Christensen NO, Nansen P, 1998. Schistosoma japonicum in the pig: the host-parasite relationship as influenced by the intensity and duration of experimental infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 248–256.
-
21.
Chen MC, Hu JC, Chang PY, Chuang CY, Tsao PF, Chang SH, Wang FP, Ch’en TL, Chou SC, 1965. Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in schistosomiasis japonica: a study on 90 cases. Chin Med J 84: 513–525.
-
22.
Ming-Chai C, Chi-Yuan C, Pei-Yu C, Jen-Chun H, 1980. Evolution of colorectal cancer in schistosomiasis: transitional mucosal changes adjacent to large intestinal carcinoma in colectomy specimens. Cancer 46: 1661–1675.
-
23.
Matsuda K, Masaki T, Ishii S, Yamashita H, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Muto T, Hirata Y, Kimura K, Kojima S, 1999. Possible associations of rectal carcinoma with Schistosoma japonicum infection and membranous nephropathy: a case report with a review. Jpn J Clin Oncol 29: 576–578.
-
24.
Chen MC, Chang PY, Chuang CY, Chen YJ, Wang FP, Tang YC, Chou SC, 1981. Colorectal cancer and schistomiasis. Lancet 1: 971–973.
-
25.
Yu XR, Chen PH, Xu JY, Xiao S, Shan ZJ, Zhu SJ, 1991. Histological classification of schistosomal egg induced polyps of colon and their clinical significance. An analysis of 272 cases. Chin Med J (Engl) 104: 64–70.
-
26.
Shindo K, 1976. Significance of schistosomiasis japonica in the development of cancer of the large intestine: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 460–469.
-
27.
Liu W, Zeng HZ, Wang QM, Yi H, Mou Y, Wu CC, Hu B, Tang CW, 2013. Schistosomiasis combined with colorectal carcinoma diagnosed based on endoscopic findings and clinicopathological characteristics: a report on 32 cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14: 4839–4842.
-
28.
Ye C, Tan S, Jiang L, Li M, Sun P, Shen L, Luo H, 2013. Endoscopic characteristics and causes of misdiagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis. Mol Med Rep 8: 1089–1093.
-
29.
Cao J, Liu WJ, Xu XY, Zou XP, 2010. Endoscopic findings and clinicopathologic characteristics of colonic schistosomiasis: a report of 46 cases. World J Gastroenterol 16: 723–727.
-
30.
Zhang W, Wang PJ, Shen X, Wang GL, Zhao XH, Seema SF, Zheng SQ, Li MH, 2012. CT presentations of colorectal cancer with chronic schistosomiasis: a comparative study with pathological findings. Eur J Radiol 81: e835–e843.
-
31.
Feng H, Lu AG, Zhao XW, Han DP, Zhao JK, Shi L, Schiergens TS, Lee SM, Zhang WP, Thasler WE, 2015. Comparison of non-schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer and schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer. World J Gastroenterol 21: 7225–7232.
-
32.
Lin M, Hanai J, Gui L, 1998. Peanut lectin-binding sites and mucins in benign and malignant colorectal tissues associated with schistomatosis. Histol Histopathol 13: 961–966.
-
33.
Wang M, Zhang YC, Yang XY, Wang ZQ, 2014. Prognostic analysis of schistosomal rectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15: 9271–9275.
-
34.
Wang M, Wu QB, He WB, Wang ZQ, 2016. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of schistosomal colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 18: 1005–1009.
-
35.
Silla IO, Rueda D, Rodríguez Y, García JL, de la Cruz Vigo F, Perea J, 2014. Early-onset colorectal cancer: a separate subset of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20: 17288–17296.
-
36.
Williamson RCN, Rainey JB, 1984. The relationship between intestinal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 19: 57–76.
-
37.
Herrera LA, Benitez-Bribiesca L, Mohar A, Ostrosky-Wegman P, 2005. Role of infectious diseases in human carcinogenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen 45: 284–303.
-
38.
Trakatelli C et al. 2005. Chemokines as markers for parasite induced inflammation and tumors. Int J Biol Markers 20: 197–203.
-
39.
Rosin MP, Anwar WA, Ward AJ, 1994. Inflammation, chromosomal instability, and cancer: the schistosomiasis model. Cancer Res 54: 1929–1933.
-
40.
Long XC, Bahgat M, Chlichlia K, Ruppel A, Li YL, 2004. Detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni. J Helminthol 78: 47–50.
-
41.
Cianchi F et al. 2003. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer: correlation with tumour angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 162: 793–801.
-
42.
Ambs S, Bennett WP, Merriam WG, Ogunfusika MO, Oser SM, Harrington AM, Shields PG, Felley-Bosco E, Hussain SP, Harris CC, 1999. Relationship between p53 mutations and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 86–88.
-
43.
Ishii A, Matsuoka H, Aji T, Hayatsu H, Wataya Y, Arimoto S, Tokuda H, 1989. Evaluation of the mutagenicity and the tumor-promoting activity of parasite extracts: Schistosoma japonicum and Clonorchis sinensis. Mutat Res 224: 229–233.
-
44.
Abruzzi A, Fried B, 2011. Coinfection of Schistosoma (Trematoda) with bacteria, protozoa and helminths. Adv Parasitol 77: 1–85.
-
45.
Barnhill AE, Novozhilova E, Day TA, Carlson SA, 2011. Schistosoma-associated Salmonella resist antibiotics via specific fimbrial attachments to the flatworm. Parasit Vectors 4: 123.
-
46.
Hsiao A, Toy T, Seo HJ, Marks F, 2016. Interaction between Salmonella and schistosomiasis: a review. PLoS Pathog 12: e1005928.
-
47.
Tuazon CU, Nash T, Cheever A, Neva W, Lininger L, 1986. Influence of Salmonella and other gram-negative bacteria on the survival of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. J Infect Dis 154: 179–182.
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48.
Tuazon CU, Nash T, Cheever A, Neva F, 1985. Interaction of Schistosoma japonicum with Salmonellae and other gram-negative bacteria. J Infect Dis 152: 722–726.
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49.
Melhem RF, LoVerde PT, 1984. Mechanism of interaction of Salmonella and Schistosoma species. Infect Immun 44: 274–281.
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50.
LoVerde PT, Amento C, Higashi GI, 1980. Parasite-parasite interaction of Salmonella typhimurium and schistosoma. J Infect Dis 141: 177–185.
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51.
Mughini-Gras L, Schaapveld M, Kramers J, Mooij S, Neefjes-Borst EA, Pelt WV, Neefjes J, 2018. Increased colon cancer risk after severe Salmonella infection. PLoS One 13: e0189721.
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52.
Caygill CP, Braddick M, Hill MJ, Knowles RL, Sharp JC, 1995. The association between typhoid carriage, typhoid infection and subsequent cancer at a number of sites. Eur J Cancer Prev 4: 187–193.
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53.
Scanu T et al. 2015. Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Cell Host Microbe 17: 763–774.
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54.
Lu R et al. 2014. Enteric bacterial protein AvrA promotes colonic tumorigenesis and activates colonic beta-catenin signaling pathway. Oncogenesis 3: e105.
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55.
Lu R, Bosland M, Xia Y, Zhang YG, Kato I, Sun J, 2017. Presence of Salmonella AvrA in colorectal tumor and its precursor lesions in mouse intestine and human specimens. Oncotarget 8: 55104–55115.
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58.
Yang Q et al. 2017. A Schistosoma japonicum infection promotes the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by activating the JAK/STAT3 pathway. J Immunol 198: 4716–4727.
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Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S, 2009. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 162–174.
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Tang CL, Lei JH, Wang T, Lu SJ, Guan F, Liu WQ, Li YL, 2011. Effect of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells on the immune evasion of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 108: 477–480.
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62.
Nakamura K, Kitani A, Strober W, 2001. Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta. J Exp Med 194: 629–644.
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Timperi E et al. 2016. Regulatory T cells with multiple suppressive and potentially pro-tumor activities accumulate in human colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 5: e1175800.
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Schistosoma japonicum–Associated Colorectal Cancer: A Review
Hytham K. S. Hamid
Hytham K. S. Hamid
Department of Surgery, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
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Schistosoma japonicum is a digenetic blood fluke that has been implicated in the carcinogenesis of several human malignancies, notably liver and colorectal cancer (CRC). Schistosoma japonicum–associated colorectal cancer (SACC) is a distinct subtype with biological behavior analogous to colitis-induced CRC. The clinicopathological characteristics of SACC include young age at diagnosis, predominance among males, a strong predilection for the sigmoid colon and rectum, multifocal distribution, frequent mucinous histology, and poor prognosis. In addition to chronic inflammation, immunomodulation, and schistosomal toxins, bacterial coinfection appears to play an important role in the carcinogenic process. The present review provides the most recent updates on epidemiology, pathobiology, and clinical and prognostic features pertaining to SACC.
Author Notes
Author’s address: Hytham K. S. Hamid, Department of Surgery, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: kujali2@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F, 2015. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 136: E359–E386.
-
2.
Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP, 2014. Colorectal cancer. Lancet 26: 1490–1502.
-
3.
Collins D, Hogan AM, Winter DC, 2011. Microbial and viral pathogens in colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 12: 504–512.
-
4.
Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S, 2016. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 4: e609–e616.
-
5.
IARC, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1994. Infection with schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 61: 45–119.
-
6.
Hamid HKS, Mustafa YM, 2012. The role of infectious agents in colorectal carcinogenesis. Ettarh R, ed. Colorectal Cancer Biology–From Genes to Tumor. Rijeka, Croatia: INTECH Publisher, 341–374.
-
7.
Ishii A, Matsuoka H, Aji T, Ohta N, Arimoto S, Wataya Y, Hayatsu H, 1994. Parasite infection and cancer: with special emphasis on Schistosoma japonicum infections (Trematoda). A review. Mutat Res 305: 273–281.
-
8.
Johansen MV, Bogh HO, Nansen P, Christensen NO, 2000. Schistosoma japonicum infection in the pig as a model for human schistosomiasis japonica. Acta Trop 76: 85–99.
-
9.
Zhao ES, 1981. Cancer of the colon and schistosomiasis. J R Soc Med 74: 645.
-
10.
Xu Z, Su D, 1984. Schistosoma japonicum and colorectal cancer: an epidemiological study in the People’s Republic of China. Int J Cancer 34: 315–318.
-
11.
Chen MG, 2014. Assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Infect Dis Poverty 3: 6.
-
12.
Chen J, Campbell TC, Li J, Peto R, 1990. Diet, Life-Style, and Mortality in China. A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
-
13.
Guo W, Zheng W, Li JY, Chen JS, Blot WJ, 1993. Correlations of colon cancer mortality with dietary factors, serum markers, and schistosomiasis in China. Nutr Cancer 20: 13–20.
-
14.
Inaba Y, 1984. A cohort study on the causes of death in an endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica in Japan. Ann Acad Med Singapore 13: 142–148.
-
15.
Mayer DA, Fried B, 2007. The role of helminth infections in carcinogenesis. Muller R, Rollinson D, Hay SI, eds. Advances in Parasitology, Vol. 65. London: Academic Press, 239–296.
-
16.
Qiu DC, Hubbard AE, Zhong B, Zhang Y, Spear RC, 2005. A matched, case control study of the association between Schistosoma japonicum and liver and colon cancers, in rural China. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 47–52.
-
17.
Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, McManus DP, 2002. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med 346: 1212–1220.
-
18.
Gryseels B, 2012. Schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26: 383–397.
-
19.
Olveda RM, 2001. Disease in schistosomiasis japonica. Mahmoud AA, ed. Schistosomiasis, Vol. 10. London: Emperial College Press, 361–389.
-
20.
Willingham AL 3rd, Hurst M, Bøgh HO, Johansen MV, Lindberg R, Christensen NO, Nansen P, 1998. Schistosoma japonicum in the pig: the host-parasite relationship as influenced by the intensity and duration of experimental infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 248–256.
-
21.
Chen MC, Hu JC, Chang PY, Chuang CY, Tsao PF, Chang SH, Wang FP, Ch’en TL, Chou SC, 1965. Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum in schistosomiasis japonica: a study on 90 cases. Chin Med J 84: 513–525.
-
22.
Ming-Chai C, Chi-Yuan C, Pei-Yu C, Jen-Chun H, 1980. Evolution of colorectal cancer in schistosomiasis: transitional mucosal changes adjacent to large intestinal carcinoma in colectomy specimens. Cancer 46: 1661–1675.
-
23.
Matsuda K, Masaki T, Ishii S, Yamashita H, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Muto T, Hirata Y, Kimura K, Kojima S, 1999. Possible associations of rectal carcinoma with Schistosoma japonicum infection and membranous nephropathy: a case report with a review. Jpn J Clin Oncol 29: 576–578.
-
24.
Chen MC, Chang PY, Chuang CY, Chen YJ, Wang FP, Tang YC, Chou SC, 1981. Colorectal cancer and schistomiasis. Lancet 1: 971–973.
-
25.
Yu XR, Chen PH, Xu JY, Xiao S, Shan ZJ, Zhu SJ, 1991. Histological classification of schistosomal egg induced polyps of colon and their clinical significance. An analysis of 272 cases. Chin Med J (Engl) 104: 64–70.
-
26.
Shindo K, 1976. Significance of schistosomiasis japonica in the development of cancer of the large intestine: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 460–469.
-
27.
Liu W, Zeng HZ, Wang QM, Yi H, Mou Y, Wu CC, Hu B, Tang CW, 2013. Schistosomiasis combined with colorectal carcinoma diagnosed based on endoscopic findings and clinicopathological characteristics: a report on 32 cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14: 4839–4842.
-
28.
Ye C, Tan S, Jiang L, Li M, Sun P, Shen L, Luo H, 2013. Endoscopic characteristics and causes of misdiagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis. Mol Med Rep 8: 1089–1093.
-
29.
Cao J, Liu WJ, Xu XY, Zou XP, 2010. Endoscopic findings and clinicopathologic characteristics of colonic schistosomiasis: a report of 46 cases. World J Gastroenterol 16: 723–727.
-
30.
Zhang W, Wang PJ, Shen X, Wang GL, Zhao XH, Seema SF, Zheng SQ, Li MH, 2012. CT presentations of colorectal cancer with chronic schistosomiasis: a comparative study with pathological findings. Eur J Radiol 81: e835–e843.
-
31.
Feng H, Lu AG, Zhao XW, Han DP, Zhao JK, Shi L, Schiergens TS, Lee SM, Zhang WP, Thasler WE, 2015. Comparison of non-schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer and schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer. World J Gastroenterol 21: 7225–7232.
-
32.
Lin M, Hanai J, Gui L, 1998. Peanut lectin-binding sites and mucins in benign and malignant colorectal tissues associated with schistomatosis. Histol Histopathol 13: 961–966.
-
33.
Wang M, Zhang YC, Yang XY, Wang ZQ, 2014. Prognostic analysis of schistosomal rectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15: 9271–9275.
-
34.
Wang M, Wu QB, He WB, Wang ZQ, 2016. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of schistosomal colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 18: 1005–1009.
-
35.
Silla IO, Rueda D, Rodríguez Y, García JL, de la Cruz Vigo F, Perea J, 2014. Early-onset colorectal cancer: a separate subset of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20: 17288–17296.
-
36.
Williamson RCN, Rainey JB, 1984. The relationship between intestinal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 19: 57–76.
-
37.
Herrera LA, Benitez-Bribiesca L, Mohar A, Ostrosky-Wegman P, 2005. Role of infectious diseases in human carcinogenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen 45: 284–303.
-
38.
Trakatelli C et al. 2005. Chemokines as markers for parasite induced inflammation and tumors. Int J Biol Markers 20: 197–203.
-
39.
Rosin MP, Anwar WA, Ward AJ, 1994. Inflammation, chromosomal instability, and cancer: the schistosomiasis model. Cancer Res 54: 1929–1933.
-
40.
Long XC, Bahgat M, Chlichlia K, Ruppel A, Li YL, 2004. Detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni. J Helminthol 78: 47–50.
-
41.
Cianchi F et al. 2003. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer: correlation with tumour angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 162: 793–801.
-
42.
Ambs S, Bennett WP, Merriam WG, Ogunfusika MO, Oser SM, Harrington AM, Shields PG, Felley-Bosco E, Hussain SP, Harris CC, 1999. Relationship between p53 mutations and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 86–88.
-
43.
Ishii A, Matsuoka H, Aji T, Hayatsu H, Wataya Y, Arimoto S, Tokuda H, 1989. Evaluation of the mutagenicity and the tumor-promoting activity of parasite extracts: Schistosoma japonicum and Clonorchis sinensis. Mutat Res 224: 229–233.
-
44.
Abruzzi A, Fried B, 2011. Coinfection of Schistosoma (Trematoda) with bacteria, protozoa and helminths. Adv Parasitol 77: 1–85.
-
45.
Barnhill AE, Novozhilova E, Day TA, Carlson SA, 2011. Schistosoma-associated Salmonella resist antibiotics via specific fimbrial attachments to the flatworm. Parasit Vectors 4: 123.
-
46.
Hsiao A, Toy T, Seo HJ, Marks F, 2016. Interaction between Salmonella and schistosomiasis: a review. PLoS Pathog 12: e1005928.
-
47.
Tuazon CU, Nash T, Cheever A, Neva W, Lininger L, 1986. Influence of Salmonella and other gram-negative bacteria on the survival of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. J Infect Dis 154: 179–182.
-
48.
Tuazon CU, Nash T, Cheever A, Neva F, 1985. Interaction of Schistosoma japonicum with Salmonellae and other gram-negative bacteria. J Infect Dis 152: 722–726.
-
49.
Melhem RF, LoVerde PT, 1984. Mechanism of interaction of Salmonella and Schistosoma species. Infect Immun 44: 274–281.
-
50.
LoVerde PT, Amento C, Higashi GI, 1980. Parasite-parasite interaction of Salmonella typhimurium and schistosoma. J Infect Dis 141: 177–185.
-
51.
Mughini-Gras L, Schaapveld M, Kramers J, Mooij S, Neefjes-Borst EA, Pelt WV, Neefjes J, 2018. Increased colon cancer risk after severe Salmonella infection. PLoS One 13: e0189721.
-
52.
Caygill CP, Braddick M, Hill MJ, Knowles RL, Sharp JC, 1995. The association between typhoid carriage, typhoid infection and subsequent cancer at a number of sites. Eur J Cancer Prev 4: 187–193.
-
53.
Scanu T et al. 2015. Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Cell Host Microbe 17: 763–774.
-
54.
Lu R et al. 2014. Enteric bacterial protein AvrA promotes colonic tumorigenesis and activates colonic beta-catenin signaling pathway. Oncogenesis 3: e105.
-
55.
Lu R, Bosland M, Xia Y, Zhang YG, Kato I, Sun J, 2017. Presence of Salmonella AvrA in colorectal tumor and its precursor lesions in mouse intestine and human specimens. Oncotarget 8: 55104–55115.
-
56.
Nath G, Gulati AK, Shukla VK, 2010. Role of bacteria in carcinogenesis, with special reference to carcinoma of the gallbladder. World J Gastroenterol 16: 5395–5404.
-
57.
Maizels RM, McSorley HJ, 2016. Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 138: 666–675.
-
58.
Yang Q et al. 2017. A Schistosoma japonicum infection promotes the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by activating the JAK/STAT3 pathway. J Immunol 198: 4716–4727.
-
59.
Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S, 2009. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 162–174.
-
60.
Motallebnezhad M, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Qamsari ES, Bagheri S, Gharibi T, Yousefi M, 2016. The immunobiology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Tumour Biol 37: 1387–1406.
-
61.
Tang CL, Lei JH, Wang T, Lu SJ, Guan F, Liu WQ, Li YL, 2011. Effect of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells on the immune evasion of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 108: 477–480.
-
62.
Nakamura K, Kitani A, Strober W, 2001. Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta. J Exp Med 194: 629–644.
-
63.
Timperi E et al. 2016. Regulatory T cells with multiple suppressive and potentially pro-tumor activities accumulate in human colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 5: e1175800.
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