Black MM et al. Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee, 2017. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet 389: 77–90.
John CC, Black MM, Nelson CA, 2017. Neurodevelopment: the impact of nutrition and inflammation during early to middle childhood in low-resource settings. Pediatrics 139 (Suppl 1): S59–S71.
Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, Fawzi WW, 2015. Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 135: e1266–e1275.
Ayllón T et al. 2017. Early evidence for Zika virus circulation among Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 1411–1412.
Faria NN et al. 2016. Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science 352: 345–349.
Kleber de Oliveira W, Cortez-Escalante J, De Oliveira WT, do Carmo GM, Henriques CM, Coelho GE, Araújo de França GV, 2016. Increase in reported prevalence of microcephaly in infants born to women living in areas with confirmed Zika virus transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 242–247.
Baud D, Gubler DJ, Schaub B, Lanteri MC, Musso D, 2017. An update on Zika virus infection. Lancet 390: 2099–2109.
Cugola FR et al. 2016. The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature 534: 267–271.
França GVA et al. 2016. Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 livebirths with complete investigation. Lancet 388: 891–897.
Gulland A, 2016. Zika virus may be linked to several birth defects, expert warns. BMJ 352: i1322.
Kapogiannis BG, Chakhtoura N, Hazra R, Spong CY, 2017. Bridging knowledge gaps to understand how Zika virus exposure and infection affect child development. JAMA Pediatr 171: 478–485.
Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR, 2016. Zika virus and birth defects—reviewing the evidence for causality. N Engl J Med 374: 1981–1987.
Yepez JB, Murati FA, Pettito M, Peñaranda CF, de Yepez J, Maestre G, Arevalo JF; Johns Hopkins Zika Center, 2017. Ophthalmic manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome in Colombia and Venezuela. JAMA Ophthalmol 135: 440–445.
Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB, 2000. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25: 3186–3191.
Erkut S, 2010. Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research. Child Dev Perspect 4: 19–24.
Gregoire J, 2018. ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. Int J Testing 18: 101–134.
Geisinger KF, 1994. Cross-cultural normative assessment: translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychol Assess 6: 304–312.
Hambleton RK, 2004. Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. RK Hambleton, PF Merenda, CD Speilberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 3–38.
Hambleton RK, Patsula L, 1999. Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. J Appl Test Technol 53: 1689–1699.
AERA, APA, NCME, 2014. Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
van de Vijver F, Tanzer NK, 2004. Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: an overview. Rev Eur Psychol Appl 54: 119–135.
World Health Organization, 2009. Process of Translation and Adaptation of Instruments. Available at: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/. doi:/entity/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/index.html. Accessed August 2018.
Fernald LCH, Prado E, Kariger P, Raikes A, 2017. A Toolkit for Measuring Early Childhood Development in Low and Middle-income Countries. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/b/wbk/wbpubs/29000.html. Accessed June 2017.
Acquadro C, Conway K, Hareendran A, Aaronson N, 2008. Literature review of methods to translate health-related quality of life questionnaires for use in multinational clinical trials. Value Health 11: 509–521.
Olson D, Lamb MM, Lopez MR, Paniagua-Avila MA, Zacarias A, Samayoa-Reyes G, Cordon-Rosales C, Asturias EJ, 2017. A rapid epidemiological tool to measure the burden of norovirus infection and disease in resource-limited settings. Open Forum Infect Dis 4: ofx049.
Asturias EJ et al. 2015. The center for human development in Guatemala: an innovative model for global population health. Adv Pediatr 63: 357–387.
Cassepp-Borges V, Balbinotti MAA, Teodoro MLM, 2010. Tradução e validação de conteúdo: uma proposta para a adaptação de instrumentos. L Pasquali, ed. Instrumentação Psicológica: Fundamentos e Práticas. Brazil: Artmed Editora, 506–520.
Gudmundsson E, 2009. Guidelines for translating and adapting psychological instruments. Nord Psychol 61: 29–45.
Krach SK, McCreery MP, Guerard J, 2017. Cultural-linguistic test adaptations: guidelines for selection, alteration, use, and review. Sch Psychol Int 38: 3–21.
Semrud-Clikeman M, Romero RAA, Prado EL, Shapiro EG, Bangirana P, John CC, 2016. Selecting measures for the neurodevelopmental assessment of children in low- and middle-income countries 23: 761–802.
Bayley N, 2006. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition. Chicago, IL: Pearson.
World Health Organization, 2012. Developmental Difficulties in Early Childhood: Prevention, Early Identification, Assessment and Intervention in Low-and Middle-income Countries: A Review. Available at: http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copy-right_form/en/index.html.
Mullen EM, 1995. Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
Snow CE, Van Hemel SB; Committee on Develomental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children, 2008. Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Van De Vijver FJR, Poortinga YH, 2004. Conceptual and methodological issues in adapting tests. RK Hambleton, PF Merenda, CD Speilberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press. 39–63.
Sabanathan S, Wills B, Gladstone M, 2015. Child development assessment tools in low income and middle income countries: how can we use them more appropriately? Archives of Disease in Childhood 100: 482–488.
Mangin KS, Horwood LJ, Woodward LJ, 2017. Cognitive development trajectories of very preterm and typically developing children. Child Dev 88: 282–298.
Newborg J, 2004. Batelle Developmental Inventory, 2nd edition. Ithaca, IL: Riverside.
Bornman J, Sevcik RA, Romski MA, Pae HK, 2010. Successfully translating language and culture when adapting assessment measures. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil 7: 111–118.
Koura KG et al. 2013. Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa. J Dev Behav Pediatr 34: 486–493.
Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H, 1985. Item Response Theory. Principles and Applications. The Netherlands: Springer.
Milfont TL, Fischer R, 2010. Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res 3: 111–121.
Reise SP, Widaman KF, Pugh RH, 1993. Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: two approaches for exploring measurement invariance. Psychol Bull 114: 552–566.
Sireci SG, 2004. Using bilinguals to evaluate the comparability of different language versions of a test. RK Hambleton, PF Merenda, CD Speilberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 117–138.
McCarthy AM, Wehby GL, Barron S, Aylward GP, Castilla EE, Javois LC, Goco N, Murray JC, 2012. Application of neurodevelopmental screening to a sample of South American infants: the bayley infant neurodevelopmental screener (BINS). Infant Behav Dev 35: 280–294.
Pena ED, 2007. Lost in translation: methodological considerations in cross-cultural research. Child Dev 78: 1255–1264.
Chen C et al. 2017. Adapting a developmental screening measure: exploring the effects of language and culture on a parent-completed social–emotional screening test. Infants Young Child 30: 111–123.
Macrine SL, Heji H, Sabri A, Dalton S, 2015. Cross-cultural adaptation of a developmental assessment for Arabic-speaking children with visual impairment. Int J Sch Educ Psychol 3: 256–266.
Panter-Brick C, Hadfield K, Dajani R, Eggerman M, Ager A, Ungar M, 2017. Resilience in context: a brief and culturally grounded measure for Syrian refugee and Jordanian host-community adolescents. Child Dev 89: 1803–1820.
Byrne BM, van de Vijver FJR, 2010. Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in large-scale cross-cultural studies: addressing the issue of nonequivalence. Int J Test 10: 107–132.
Fischer VJ, Morris J, Martines J, 2014. Developmental screening tools: feasibility of use at primary healthcare level in low- and middle-income settings. J Heal Popul Nutr 32: 314–326.
De Onis M, 2006. WHO motor development study: windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450: 86–95.
McCoy DC, Peet ED, Ezzati M, Danaei G, Black MM, Sudfeld CR, Fawzi W, Fink G, 2016. Early childhood developmental status in low- and middle-income countries: national, regional, and global prevalence estimates using predictive modeling. PLoS Med 13: e1002034.
Janus M et al. 2007. The Early Development Instrument : A Population-Based Measure for Communities. Copublished by Offord Centre for Child Studies. ISBN 978-1-894088-84-8.
United Nation, 2001. Road Map towards the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. Available at: www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56326.pdf.
Cole TJ, 2012. The development of growth references and growth charts. Ann Hum Biol 39: 382–394.
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The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in Latin America presented a unique opportunity to develop a neurodevelopmental assessment protocol for children in a lower middle–income country. Although studies of neurodevelopment in young children have taken place in many diverse global settings, we are not aware of any study that has provided a high level of detail about how a measure was selected and then specifically translated and adapted in a low-resource setting. Here, we describe considerations in measurement selection and then the process of translation and adaptation to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants and young children with postnatal exposure to ZIKV in rural Guatemala. We provide a framework to other research teams seeking to develop similar assessment models across the globe.
Conflicts of Interest: E. A. reports grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer outside the submitted work.
Financial support: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), funding mechanism: VTEU Contract HHSN272201300015I, Task Order No. HHSN27200013-16-0057.C1D1.0058.
Authors’ addresses: Amy K. Connery, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, E-mail: amy.connery@childrenscolorado.org. Gretchen Berrios-Siervo, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, and Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, E-mail: gretchen.berrios-siervo@childrenscolorado.org. Paola Arroyave, Desiree Bauer, Sara Hernandez, Alejandra Paniagua-Avila, Guillermo Antonio Bolaños, and Mirella Calvimontes, Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala, E-mails: parroyave@ufm.edu, desibauerh@gmail.com, smhh93@gmail.com, alejandra.paniagua.fsigcu@gmail.com, guillermo.bolando.fsigcu@gmail.com, and mirellacalvimontes@yahoo.com. Saskia Bunge-Montes, Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, E-mail: saskia.bunge@gmail.com. Hana M. El Sahly, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, E-mail: hana.elsahly@bcm.edu. Daniel Olson and Edwin J. Asturias, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, Center for Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, E-mails: daniel.olson@childrenscolorado.org and edwin.asturias@childrenscolorado.org. Flor M. Munoz, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, E-mail: florm@bcm.edu.
Black MM et al. Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee, 2017. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet 389: 77–90.
John CC, Black MM, Nelson CA, 2017. Neurodevelopment: the impact of nutrition and inflammation during early to middle childhood in low-resource settings. Pediatrics 139 (Suppl 1): S59–S71.
Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, Fawzi WW, 2015. Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 135: e1266–e1275.
Ayllón T et al. 2017. Early evidence for Zika virus circulation among Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 23: 1411–1412.
Faria NN et al. 2016. Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science 352: 345–349.
Kleber de Oliveira W, Cortez-Escalante J, De Oliveira WT, do Carmo GM, Henriques CM, Coelho GE, Araújo de França GV, 2016. Increase in reported prevalence of microcephaly in infants born to women living in areas with confirmed Zika virus transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 242–247.
Baud D, Gubler DJ, Schaub B, Lanteri MC, Musso D, 2017. An update on Zika virus infection. Lancet 390: 2099–2109.
Cugola FR et al. 2016. The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature 534: 267–271.
França GVA et al. 2016. Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 livebirths with complete investigation. Lancet 388: 891–897.
Gulland A, 2016. Zika virus may be linked to several birth defects, expert warns. BMJ 352: i1322.
Kapogiannis BG, Chakhtoura N, Hazra R, Spong CY, 2017. Bridging knowledge gaps to understand how Zika virus exposure and infection affect child development. JAMA Pediatr 171: 478–485.
Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR, 2016. Zika virus and birth defects—reviewing the evidence for causality. N Engl J Med 374: 1981–1987.
Yepez JB, Murati FA, Pettito M, Peñaranda CF, de Yepez J, Maestre G, Arevalo JF; Johns Hopkins Zika Center, 2017. Ophthalmic manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome in Colombia and Venezuela. JAMA Ophthalmol 135: 440–445.
Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB, 2000. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25: 3186–3191.
Erkut S, 2010. Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research. Child Dev Perspect 4: 19–24.
Gregoire J, 2018. ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. Int J Testing 18: 101–134.
Geisinger KF, 1994. Cross-cultural normative assessment: translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychol Assess 6: 304–312.
Hambleton RK, 2004. Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. RK Hambleton, PF Merenda, CD Speilberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 3–38.
Hambleton RK, Patsula L, 1999. Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. J Appl Test Technol 53: 1689–1699.
AERA, APA, NCME, 2014. Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
van de Vijver F, Tanzer NK, 2004. Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: an overview. Rev Eur Psychol Appl 54: 119–135.
World Health Organization, 2009. Process of Translation and Adaptation of Instruments. Available at: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/. doi:/entity/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/index.html. Accessed August 2018.
Fernald LCH, Prado E, Kariger P, Raikes A, 2017. A Toolkit for Measuring Early Childhood Development in Low and Middle-income Countries. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/b/wbk/wbpubs/29000.html. Accessed June 2017.
Acquadro C, Conway K, Hareendran A, Aaronson N, 2008. Literature review of methods to translate health-related quality of life questionnaires for use in multinational clinical trials. Value Health 11: 509–521.
Olson D, Lamb MM, Lopez MR, Paniagua-Avila MA, Zacarias A, Samayoa-Reyes G, Cordon-Rosales C, Asturias EJ, 2017. A rapid epidemiological tool to measure the burden of norovirus infection and disease in resource-limited settings. Open Forum Infect Dis 4: ofx049.
Asturias EJ et al. 2015. The center for human development in Guatemala: an innovative model for global population health. Adv Pediatr 63: 357–387.
Cassepp-Borges V, Balbinotti MAA, Teodoro MLM, 2010. Tradução e validação de conteúdo: uma proposta para a adaptação de instrumentos. L Pasquali, ed. Instrumentação Psicológica: Fundamentos e Práticas. Brazil: Artmed Editora, 506–520.
Gudmundsson E, 2009. Guidelines for translating and adapting psychological instruments. Nord Psychol 61: 29–45.
Krach SK, McCreery MP, Guerard J, 2017. Cultural-linguistic test adaptations: guidelines for selection, alteration, use, and review. Sch Psychol Int 38: 3–21.
Semrud-Clikeman M, Romero RAA, Prado EL, Shapiro EG, Bangirana P, John CC, 2016. Selecting measures for the neurodevelopmental assessment of children in low- and middle-income countries 23: 761–802.
Bayley N, 2006. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition. Chicago, IL: Pearson.
World Health Organization, 2012. Developmental Difficulties in Early Childhood: Prevention, Early Identification, Assessment and Intervention in Low-and Middle-income Countries: A Review. Available at: http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copy-right_form/en/index.html.
Mullen EM, 1995. Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
Snow CE, Van Hemel SB; Committee on Develomental Outcomes and Assessments for Young Children, 2008. Early Childhood Assessment Why What and How. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Van De Vijver FJR, Poortinga YH, 2004. Conceptual and methodological issues in adapting tests. RK Hambleton, PF Merenda, CD Speilberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press. 39–63.
Sabanathan S, Wills B, Gladstone M, 2015. Child development assessment tools in low income and middle income countries: how can we use them more appropriately? Archives of Disease in Childhood 100: 482–488.
Mangin KS, Horwood LJ, Woodward LJ, 2017. Cognitive development trajectories of very preterm and typically developing children. Child Dev 88: 282–298.
Newborg J, 2004. Batelle Developmental Inventory, 2nd edition. Ithaca, IL: Riverside.
Bornman J, Sevcik RA, Romski MA, Pae HK, 2010. Successfully translating language and culture when adapting assessment measures. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil 7: 111–118.
Koura KG et al. 2013. Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa. J Dev Behav Pediatr 34: 486–493.
Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H, 1985. Item Response Theory. Principles and Applications. The Netherlands: Springer.
Milfont TL, Fischer R, 2010. Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res 3: 111–121.
Reise SP, Widaman KF, Pugh RH, 1993. Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: two approaches for exploring measurement invariance. Psychol Bull 114: 552–566.
Sireci SG, 2004. Using bilinguals to evaluate the comparability of different language versions of a test. RK Hambleton, PF Merenda, CD Speilberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 117–138.
McCarthy AM, Wehby GL, Barron S, Aylward GP, Castilla EE, Javois LC, Goco N, Murray JC, 2012. Application of neurodevelopmental screening to a sample of South American infants: the bayley infant neurodevelopmental screener (BINS). Infant Behav Dev 35: 280–294.
Pena ED, 2007. Lost in translation: methodological considerations in cross-cultural research. Child Dev 78: 1255–1264.
Chen C et al. 2017. Adapting a developmental screening measure: exploring the effects of language and culture on a parent-completed social–emotional screening test. Infants Young Child 30: 111–123.
Macrine SL, Heji H, Sabri A, Dalton S, 2015. Cross-cultural adaptation of a developmental assessment for Arabic-speaking children with visual impairment. Int J Sch Educ Psychol 3: 256–266.
Panter-Brick C, Hadfield K, Dajani R, Eggerman M, Ager A, Ungar M, 2017. Resilience in context: a brief and culturally grounded measure for Syrian refugee and Jordanian host-community adolescents. Child Dev 89: 1803–1820.
Byrne BM, van de Vijver FJR, 2010. Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in large-scale cross-cultural studies: addressing the issue of nonequivalence. Int J Test 10: 107–132.
Fischer VJ, Morris J, Martines J, 2014. Developmental screening tools: feasibility of use at primary healthcare level in low- and middle-income settings. J Heal Popul Nutr 32: 314–326.
De Onis M, 2006. WHO motor development study: windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450: 86–95.
McCoy DC, Peet ED, Ezzati M, Danaei G, Black MM, Sudfeld CR, Fawzi W, Fink G, 2016. Early childhood developmental status in low- and middle-income countries: national, regional, and global prevalence estimates using predictive modeling. PLoS Med 13: e1002034.
Janus M et al. 2007. The Early Development Instrument : A Population-Based Measure for Communities. Copublished by Offord Centre for Child Studies. ISBN 978-1-894088-84-8.
United Nation, 2001. Road Map towards the Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. Available at: www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56326.pdf.
Cole TJ, 2012. The development of growth references and growth charts. Ann Hum Biol 39: 382–394.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 994 | 851 | 37 |
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