Author:
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-
1.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434: 214–217.
-
2.
WHO, 2017. World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/. Accessed November 29, 2017.
-
3.
Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2006. Mapping the global extent of malaria in 2005. Trends Parasitol 22: 353–358.
-
4.
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415: 680–685.
-
5.
Kumar A, Valecha N, Jain T, Dash AP, 2007. Burden of malaria in India: retrospective and prospective view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 69–78.
-
6.
Dash AP, Valecha N, Anvikar AR, Kumar A, 2008. Malaria in India: challenges and opportunities. J Biosci 33: 583–592.
-
7.
Jha P, Gajalakshmi V, Gupta PC, Kumar R, Mony P, Dhingra N, Peto R, 2006. Prospective study of one million deaths in India: rationale, design, and validation results. PLoS Med 3: e18.
-
8.
Anvikar AR, Shah N, Dhariwal AC, Sonal GS, Pradhan MM, Ghosh SK, Valecha N, 2016. Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95 (Suppl 6): 108–120.
-
9.
Das A et al. 2012. Malaria in India: the center for the study of complex malaria in India. Acta Trop 121: 267–273.
-
10.
Joshi H, Prajapati SK, Verma A, Kang’a S, Carlton JM, 2008. Plasmodium vivax in India. Trends Parasitol 24: 228–235.
-
11.
Cox-Singh J, Davis TME, Lee K-S, Shamsul SSG, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Rahman HA, Conway DJ, Singh B, 2008. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. Clin Infect Dis 46: 165–171.
-
12.
Choudhury DS, 1985. Distribution of species of human malarial parasites in India. Indian J Pediatr 52: 257–260.
-
13.
Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu RM, 2003. Clinical review: severe malaria. Crit Care 7: 315–323.
-
14.
Miller LH, Good MF, Milon G, 1994. Malaria pathogenesis. Science 264: 1878–1883.
-
15.
Mackintosh CL, Beeson JG, Marsh K, 2004. Clinical features and pathogenesis of severe malaria. Trends Parasitol 20: 597–603.
-
16.
Beg MA, Khan R, Baig SM, Gulzar Z, Hussain R, Smego RA Jr., 2002. Cerebral involvement in benign tertian malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 230–232.
-
17.
Kochar DK, Das A, Kochar SK, Saxena V, Sirohi P, Garg S, Kochar A, Khatri MP, Gupta V, 2009 Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria: a report on serial cases from Bikaner in northwestern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 194–198.
-
18.
Ketema T, Bacha K, 2013. Plasmodium vivax associated severe malaria complications among children in some malaria endemic areas of Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 13: 637.
-
19.
Kochar DK, Saxena V, Singh N, Kochar SK, Kumar SV, Das A, 2005. Plasmodium vivax malaria. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 132–134.
-
20.
Shaikh S, Memon H, Iohano B, Shaikh A, Ahmed I, Baird JK, 2012. Severe disease in children hospitalized with a diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax in south-eastern Pakistan. Malar J 11: 144.
-
21.
Sharma S, Aggarwal KC, Deswal S, Raut D, Roy N, Kapoor R, 2013. The unusual presentation of a usual organism–the changing spectrum of the clinical manifestations of Plasmodium vivax malaria in children: a retrospective study. J Clin Diagn Res. 7: 1964–1967.
-
22.
Fitri LE, Sardjono TW, Hermansyah B, Candradikusuma D, Berens-Riha N, 2013. Unusual presentation of vivax malaria with anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, renal disturbance, and melena: a report from Malang, a nonendemic area in Indonesia. Case Rep Infect Dis 2013: 686348.
-
23.
Quispe AM, Pozo E, Guerrero E, Durand S, Baldeviano GC, Edgel KA, Graf PCF, Lescano AG, 2014. Plasmodium vivax hospitalizations in a monoendemic malaria region: severe vivax malaria? Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 11–17.
-
24.
Dayanand KK, Punnath K, Chandrashekar V, Achur RN, Kakkilaya SB, Ghosh SK, Kumari S, Gowda DC, 2017. Malaria prevalence in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India. Malar J. 16: 492.
-
25.
WHO, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, communicable diseases cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 94 (Suppl 1): S1–S90.
-
26.
Baird JK, 2013. Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 26: 36–57.
-
27.
Dhingra N, Jha P, Sharma VP, Cohen AA, Jotkar RM, Rodriguez PS, Bassani DG, Suraweera W, Laxminarayan R, Peto R, 2010. Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet 376: 1768–1774.
-
28.
Bhatia R, Rastogi RM1, Ortega L, 2013. Malaria successes and challenges in Asia. J Vector Borne Dis 50: 239–247.
-
29.
Basnyat B, 2011. Malaria-attributed death rates in India. Lancet. 377: 993.
-
30.
Naing C, Whittaker MA, Nyunt Wai V, Mak JW, 2014. Is Plasmodium vivax malaria a severe malaria?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3071.
-
31.
Price RN, Douglas NM, Anstey NM, 2009. New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 430–435.
-
32.
Anstey NM, Douglas NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN, 2012. Plasmodium vivax: clinical spectrum, risk factors and pathogenesis. Adv Parasitol 80: 151–201.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3145 | 2493 | 150 |
| Full Text Views | 833 | 21 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 302 | 15 | 0 |
Malaria Severity in Mangaluru City in the Southwestern Coastal Region of India
Kiran K. Dayanand
Kiran K. Dayanand
Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India;
Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Punnath Kishore
Punnath Kishore
Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India;
Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Valleesha Chandrashekar
Valleesha Chandrashekar
Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India;
Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Rajeshwara N. Achur
Rajeshwara N. Achur
Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India;
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Susanta K. Ghosh
Susanta K. Ghosh
Department of Biological Control, National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, India;
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Srinivas B. Kakkilaya
Srinivas B. Kakkilaya
Light House Polyclinic, Mangaluru, India;
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Suchetha N. Kumari
Suchetha N. Kumari
Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India;
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Satyanarayan Tiwari
Satyanarayan Tiwari
Department of Biological Control, National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, India;
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Archith Boloor
Archith Boloor
Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India;
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Rajeshwari Devi
Rajeshwari Devi
Wenlock District Hospital, Mangaluru, India;
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D. Channe Gowda
D. Channe Gowda
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Dakshina Kannada district in the Southwestern region of Karnataka state, India, including Mangaluru city is endemic to malaria. About 80% of malaria infections in Mangaluru and its surrounding areas are caused by Plasmodium vivax and the remainder is due to Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria-associated clinical complications significantly occur in this region. Here, we report the pathological conditions of 41 cases of fatal severe malaria, admitted to the district government hospital in Mangaluru city during January 2013 through December 2016. The results of clinical, hematological, and biochemical analyses showed that most of these severe malaria cases were associated with thrombocytopenia, anemia, metabolic acidosis, acute respiratory distress, and single or multi-organ dysfunction involving liver, kidney, and brain. Of the 41 fatal malaria cases, 24, 10, and seven patients had P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections, respectively. These data suggest that besides P. falciparum that is known to extensively cause severe and fatal malaria illnesses, P. vivax causes fatal illnesses substantially in this region, an observation that is consistent with recent findings in other regions.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by D43 TW008268 the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the Global Infectious Diseases Program.
Authors’ addresses: Kiran K. Dayanand, Punnath Kishore, and Valleesha Chandrashekar, Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India, and Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India, E-mails: kirankumar91284@gmail.com, kishoresbioworld@gmail.com, and Vallesha.nc@gmail.com. Rajeshwara N. Achur, Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India, E-mail: rajachur@gmail.com. Susanta K. Ghosh and Satyanarayan Tiwari, Department of Biological Control, National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, India, E-mails: ghoshnimr@gmail.com and snt57.nimr@gmail.com. Srinivas B. Kakkilaya, Light House Polyclinic, Spandana Centre for Metabolic Medicine, Mangalore, India, E-mail: skakkilaya@gmail.com. Suchetha N. Kumari, Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India, E-mail: kumari.suchetha@gmail.com.Archith Boloor, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, E-mail: archith_boloor@gmail.com. Rajeshwari Devi, Medical Administration, Wenlock District Hospital, Mangaluru, India, E-mail: dsdkannada@gmail.com. D. Channe Gowda, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, E-mail: cdg13@psu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434: 214–217.
-
2.
WHO, 2017. World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/. Accessed November 29, 2017.
-
3.
Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2006. Mapping the global extent of malaria in 2005. Trends Parasitol 22: 353–358.
-
4.
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415: 680–685.
-
5.
Kumar A, Valecha N, Jain T, Dash AP, 2007. Burden of malaria in India: retrospective and prospective view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 69–78.
-
6.
Dash AP, Valecha N, Anvikar AR, Kumar A, 2008. Malaria in India: challenges and opportunities. J Biosci 33: 583–592.
-
7.
Jha P, Gajalakshmi V, Gupta PC, Kumar R, Mony P, Dhingra N, Peto R, 2006. Prospective study of one million deaths in India: rationale, design, and validation results. PLoS Med 3: e18.
-
8.
Anvikar AR, Shah N, Dhariwal AC, Sonal GS, Pradhan MM, Ghosh SK, Valecha N, 2016. Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95 (Suppl 6): 108–120.
-
9.
Das A et al. 2012. Malaria in India: the center for the study of complex malaria in India. Acta Trop 121: 267–273.
-
10.
Joshi H, Prajapati SK, Verma A, Kang’a S, Carlton JM, 2008. Plasmodium vivax in India. Trends Parasitol 24: 228–235.
-
11.
Cox-Singh J, Davis TME, Lee K-S, Shamsul SSG, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Rahman HA, Conway DJ, Singh B, 2008. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. Clin Infect Dis 46: 165–171.
-
12.
Choudhury DS, 1985. Distribution of species of human malarial parasites in India. Indian J Pediatr 52: 257–260.
-
13.
Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu RM, 2003. Clinical review: severe malaria. Crit Care 7: 315–323.
-
14.
Miller LH, Good MF, Milon G, 1994. Malaria pathogenesis. Science 264: 1878–1883.
-
15.
Mackintosh CL, Beeson JG, Marsh K, 2004. Clinical features and pathogenesis of severe malaria. Trends Parasitol 20: 597–603.
-
16.
Beg MA, Khan R, Baig SM, Gulzar Z, Hussain R, Smego RA Jr., 2002. Cerebral involvement in benign tertian malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 230–232.
-
17.
Kochar DK, Das A, Kochar SK, Saxena V, Sirohi P, Garg S, Kochar A, Khatri MP, Gupta V, 2009 Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria: a report on serial cases from Bikaner in northwestern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 194–198.
-
18.
Ketema T, Bacha K, 2013. Plasmodium vivax associated severe malaria complications among children in some malaria endemic areas of Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 13: 637.
-
19.
Kochar DK, Saxena V, Singh N, Kochar SK, Kumar SV, Das A, 2005. Plasmodium vivax malaria. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 132–134.
-
20.
Shaikh S, Memon H, Iohano B, Shaikh A, Ahmed I, Baird JK, 2012. Severe disease in children hospitalized with a diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax in south-eastern Pakistan. Malar J 11: 144.
-
21.
Sharma S, Aggarwal KC, Deswal S, Raut D, Roy N, Kapoor R, 2013. The unusual presentation of a usual organism–the changing spectrum of the clinical manifestations of Plasmodium vivax malaria in children: a retrospective study. J Clin Diagn Res. 7: 1964–1967.
-
22.
Fitri LE, Sardjono TW, Hermansyah B, Candradikusuma D, Berens-Riha N, 2013. Unusual presentation of vivax malaria with anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, renal disturbance, and melena: a report from Malang, a nonendemic area in Indonesia. Case Rep Infect Dis 2013: 686348.
-
23.
Quispe AM, Pozo E, Guerrero E, Durand S, Baldeviano GC, Edgel KA, Graf PCF, Lescano AG, 2014. Plasmodium vivax hospitalizations in a monoendemic malaria region: severe vivax malaria? Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 11–17.
-
24.
Dayanand KK, Punnath K, Chandrashekar V, Achur RN, Kakkilaya SB, Ghosh SK, Kumari S, Gowda DC, 2017. Malaria prevalence in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India. Malar J. 16: 492.
-
25.
WHO, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, communicable diseases cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 94 (Suppl 1): S1–S90.
-
26.
Baird JK, 2013. Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 26: 36–57.
-
27.
Dhingra N, Jha P, Sharma VP, Cohen AA, Jotkar RM, Rodriguez PS, Bassani DG, Suraweera W, Laxminarayan R, Peto R, 2010. Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet 376: 1768–1774.
-
28.
Bhatia R, Rastogi RM1, Ortega L, 2013. Malaria successes and challenges in Asia. J Vector Borne Dis 50: 239–247.
-
29.
Basnyat B, 2011. Malaria-attributed death rates in India. Lancet. 377: 993.
-
30.
Naing C, Whittaker MA, Nyunt Wai V, Mak JW, 2014. Is Plasmodium vivax malaria a severe malaria?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3071.
-
31.
Price RN, Douglas NM, Anstey NM, 2009. New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 430–435.
-
32.
Anstey NM, Douglas NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN, 2012. Plasmodium vivax: clinical spectrum, risk factors and pathogenesis. Adv Parasitol 80: 151–201.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3145 | 2493 | 150 |
| Full Text Views | 833 | 21 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 302 | 15 | 0 |